Eduardo Torroja Miret (1899-1961) was one of the most important Spanish engineers. His understanding of structures and materials made him a world reference in the field of engineering and architecture. Due to the lack of ornamentation in his works and the lack of heritage interpretation aimed at a non-specialist public, many of his works sometimes go unnoticed by inexperienced eyes and, despite his important legacy, Torroja remains a great unknown. This paper reports on the existing heritage perception of two of his most outstanding works in Spain, the Zarzuela Hippodrome and the Instituto Técnico de la Construcción y el Cemento (Eduardo Torroja Institute). To this end, surveys and interviews were carried out with visitors to both buildings based on different heritage criteria, such as their architectural importance, aesthetics, significance or representativeness, but also from the point of view of the available tourist infrastructure. The results show a lack of appreciation in the heritage criteria related to its architectural, historical and aesthetic values, combined with a lack of knowledge about Torroja and its way of understanding architectural beauty.
Concrete is the constructive material used to design most of the buildings of the 20th century, some of them of great architectural, historical and cultural relevance. However, the social perception that exists around these constructions, as regards the consideration as architectural and artistic heritage, reflects discordant aspects. Several authors affirm that the 20th century concrete heritage lacks enough appreciation by society, which hinders the tasks to develop or encourage their social consideration and their tourist use. On the other hand, in some cases, this kind of heritage are not considered attractive tourist resources, therefore the maintenance work is no longer a priority, which does not guarantee minimum standards of conservation. In this context, the University of Cadiz leads a European project H2020 called InnovaConcrete, whose aim is to preserve the 20th century monuments built in concrete in countries of the European Union. The Zarzuela Hippodrome (declared an Asset of Cultural Interest in 2009 and inaugurated in 1941, after the Spanish Civil War) has been selected as an ideal example when gathering aspects of economic, social, cultural, aesthetic and architectural functionality. The results obtained, through various surveys and interviews with agents involved, envisage a strong correlation between the widespread ignorance about the historical and architectural value of the building and its depreciation as a heritage element. It is therefore necessary to reflect on the special importance that, for this type of patrimonial groups, have the dissemination and information's tasks about their historical and architectural, as well as artistic and social peculiarities.
Organizaciones como el Centro Internacional de Estudios de Conservación y Restauración de Bienes Culturales (ICCROM) reconocen la importancia de la conservación del patrimonio cultural, no sólo desde la perspectiva de los bienes materiales, sino también desde la perspectiva de la salvaguardia y la sensibilización del patrimonio como medio para mejorar la vida de las personas. Este enfoque implica una nueva visión proactiva y estratégica. Una nueva forma de entender el patrimonio como vector de bienestar social. En este contexto, se ha diseñado un modelo de análisis socioeconómico cuyo objetivo principal es, por un lado, hacer evidente la conexión entre el patrimonio y el bienestar humano y, por otro, evaluar qué implicaciones podrían tener para la sociedad determinadas acciones relacionadas con su promoción turística y divulgativa. Este modelo, aplicado al patrimonio cultural basado en el hormigón del siglo XX, adapta la tipología utilizada para los servicios ecosistémicos del patrimonio natural a las singularidades y características de los elementos patrimoniales construidos que, según sus estructuras y los procesos que en ellos tienen lugar, desarrollan funciones que benefician a la sociedad.
Los conjuntos históricos medievales representan un ejemplo del legado humano donde territorio y cultura se combinan con un fuerte potencial para el turismo. Es por ello que en los últimos años han surgido propuestas y estudios con fines comunes: la puesta en valor y dinamización turística del patrimonio bajomedieval. En este sentido, los estudios desarrollados van desde la creación de propuestas de itinerarios turísticos tematizados hasta el diseño de métodos específicos para el análisis de su potencial como “producto” para el turismo. En términos de patrimonialización, se propone un método que, si bien se aleja del análisis más técnico en cuanto a las características intrínsecas de los bienes culturales, se centra, principalmente, en aquellos elementos que inflluyen en los procesos de territorialización del patrimonio con base en la relación entre territorio, cultura y patrimonio. Para ello, se propone un modelo de caracterización territorial del patrimonio, considerando aquellos elementos externos a los bienes que influyen directamente sobre su uso y aprovechamiento. La aplicación, realizada sobre el patrimonio bajomedieval en los municipios de la provincia de Cádiz, vislumbra las posibilidades del método empleado y el desarrollo del patrimonio bajomedieval como elementos que, o bien presentan pocas iniciativas turísticas, o bien una promoción individualizada y alejada del contexto histórico en el que surgieron.
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