The high sensitivity and specificity of urine survivin can indicate the occurrence of bladder carcinomas, and its expression level might be correlated with the malignancy and prognosis of bladder carcinomas. In addition, the fact that survivin was only detected in urine samples of patients with bladder cancer, rather than in normal adult tissue (except thymus gland), suggests that survivin can be used as an ideal target in bladder carcinoma treatment.

No abstract

A slender in-extensional cantilever model excited by this transverse pedestal moments with the form of the Gaussian white noise was studied. The purpose of this paper was to explore how the geometrical nonlinearity influence the responses of the model excited by the Gaussian white noise. The curvature nonlinearity and inertia nonlinearity problems were addressed emphatically. The standard stochastic averaging method was applied to simplify the system into the Ito functions of amplitude and phase. Stationary probability density function (PDF) of amplitude, the joint PDF of the displacement and velocity together with the reliability function and the probability density of the first passage failure time were studied theoretically and numerically. The theoretical approximations coincide with the digital results very well when noise density is not too large. When the noise is stronger, a prediction-correction method was proposed to improve the predicting performance. Numerical simulations verified the effectiveness of this approach.

The analytical method to predict the period-doubling bifurcation of the three-dimensional (3D) system is improved by using the undetermined fundamental frequency method. We compute the stable response of the system subject to the quadratic and cubic nonlinearity by introducing the undetermined fundamental frequency. For the occurrence of the first and second period-doubling bifurcation, the new bifurcation criterion is accomplished. It depends on the stability of the limit cycle on the central manifold. The explicit applications show that the new results coincide with the results of the numerical simulation as compared with the initial methods.

Considering the curvature nonlinearity and longitudinal inertia nonlinearity caused by geometrical deformations, a slender inextensible cantilever beam model under transverse pedestal motion in the form of Gaussian colored noise excitation was studied. Present stochastic averaging methods cannot solve the equations of random excited oscillators that included both inertia nonlinearity and curvature nonlinearity. In order to solve this kind of equations, a modified stochastic averaging method was proposed. This method can simplify the equation to an Itô differential equation about amplitude and energy. Based on the Itô differential equation, the stationary probability density function (PDF) of the amplitude and energy and the joint PDF of the displacement and velocity were studied. The effectiveness of the proposed method was verified by numerical simulation.