The pharmacokinetics, bioavailability, and metabolism of the anti-human immunodeficiency virus nucleotide analog 9[(R)-2-(phosphonomethoxy)propyl]adenine (PMPA) were determined in beagle dogs following intravenous, intraperitoneal, and oral administration. Fasted male beagle dogs (n ‫؍‬ 5) were pretreated with pentagastrin and received PMPA (10 mg/kg of body weight) by the intravenous and oral routes with a washout period of 1 week between doses. A further group of male dogs received PMPA as a single dose via the intravenous (1 mg/kg; n ‫؍‬ 5) and the intraperitoneal (10 mg/kg; n ‫؍‬ 3) routes, with 1-week washout period between doses. The concentrations of PMPA in plasma and urine were determined over 48 h postdosing by fluorescence derivatization and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The potential for metabolism or biliary excretion of PMPA was evaluated in a dog with a chronic indwelling bile cannula. Urine, feces, and bile were collected at intervals over 48 h following the intravenous administration of [ 14 C]PMPA (10 mg/kg; 55 Ci/kg). The concentrations of PMPA in plasma after intravenous injection were best described by an open two-com-partment model with a terminal half-life of approximately 10 h. PMPA was excreted unchanged in urine (70%); recovery in feces (0.42%) or bile (0.26%) was negligible. The plasma clearance of PMPA (0.28 ؎ 0.05 liter/h/kg) was substantially greater than the glomerular filtration rate in this species, suggesting active tubular secretion of PMPA. No metabolites of [ 14 C]PMPA were observed in urine, feces, or bile on the basis of HPLC with radioactive flow detection. The remainder of the dose was probably excreted unchanged in urine beyond 48 h postdosing. The mean ؎ standard deviation observed bioavailabilities of PMPA following oral and intraperitoneal administration at 10 mg/kg were 17.1% ؎ 1.88% and 73.5% ؎ 10.5%, respectively. MATERIALS AND METHODS Materials. PMPA monohydrate and adefovir were obtained from Gilead Sciences, Inc. (Foster City, Calif.). [8-14 C]PMPA (lot 117-303-026; specific activity, 26 mCi/mmol) was obtained as a solution in ethanol-water (70:30) from Moravek (Brea, Calif.). There were no detectable impurities in the radioactive material on the basis of high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) with radioactive flow detection. Pentagastrin (Peptavlon; 0.25 mg/ml) was obtained from Ayerst Laboratories, Inc. (Philadelphia, Pa.). Tetrabutylammonium dihydrogen phosphate (TBAHP) was obtained from Fluka (Ronkonkoma, N.Y.). Acetonitrile was from Burdick and Jackson (Muskegon, Mich.). Chloroacetaldehyde and trifluoroacetic acid were from Aldrich (Milwaukee, Wis.). All other chemicals were from Mallinckrodt (Phillipsburg, N.J.).Formulations. Unlabelled PMPA monohydrate was formulated for intravenous or intraperitoneal administration as a sterile aqueous solution in water for injections, and the solution was adjusted to pH 7.4 with 1 N sodium hydroxide. Solutions containing 5 and 50 mg of PMPA/ml were prepared and were sterilized by filtration with a...

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The long retinal half-life observed presumably reflects formation of phosphorylated cidofovir within retinal cells. Cidofovir achieved a ten-fold higher level of phosphorylated drug in retina than cyclic HPMPC: Therefore, intravitreal cidofovir may be expected to suppress progression of retinitis for a longer period than an equivalent intravitreal dose of cyclic HPMPC: The intravitreal half-life of cidofovir was 20-fold longer than that of ganciclovir in the same animal model.