Fragmentation reactions of n-butoxychlorocarbene (9), isobutoxychlorocarbene (10), and benzyloxychlorocarbene (2) were studied by product analysis and by laser flash photolysis (LFP). The carbenes were generated photochemically from 3-alkyl-3-chlorodiazirines in (1) MeCN solution; (2) 5.77 M pyridine in MeCN; (3) 0.504 M tetrabutylammonium chloride (Bu4NCl) in MeCN; or (4) 5.77 M pyridine + 0.504 M Bu4NCl in MeCN. In MeCN, 9 gave mainly HCl-capture product, n-butyl dichloromethyl ether (45.1%), carbene dimer (9.8%), and azine (14.6%). Fragmentation products 1-butene (14.4%), 2-butyl chloride (6.0%), and 1-butyl chloride (10.2%) were limited. With added pyridine, HCl was scavenged, the dichloromethyl ether was suppressed, and 1-butene (42.1%), 2-butyl chloride (7.3%), and 1-butyl chloride (24.1%) were dominant. With added Bu4NCl, 1-butyl chloride increased to 46.4%. With both pyridine and Bu4NCl, 1-butyl choride was 63% of the product, with 1-butene at 22.8%. A similar pattern was observed with carbene 10. Products in MeCN included isobutene (23%), 1- and 2-butene (8−9%), tert-butyl chloride (1.7%), 2-butyl chloride (5.8%), isobutyl chloride (0.4%), isobutyl dichloromethyl ether (53%), and carbene dimer (8%). The isobutyl chloride fragmentation product increased from 0.4% in MeCN, to 7.3% with pyridine, to 32% with Bu4NCl, and to 38% with both addends. With 2, benzyl chloride increased from 83% in MeCN to 91% with added pyridine and Bu4NCl. The increases in chloride displacement products are attributed to bimolecular attacks of chloride ions at the α-carbon atoms of the carbenes, particularly 9 and 10. LFP kinetic studies show that the rate constants for fragmentations of these carbenes increase linearly with the concentration of added Bu4NCl in pyridine−MeCN. Second-order rate constants (k 2) as a function of [Cl-] (M-1 s-1, 24 °C) for the fragmentations are 8.2 × 106 (9), 2.7 × 106 (10), and 2.2 × 106 (2). The decrease in k 2 as R in ROCCl changes from n-butyl to isobutyl to benzyl is in accord with a SN2-like mechanism for the carbene fragmentations in which the benzyl case involves the competitive incursion of SN1-like fragmentation.

Route selection, process development and large-scale preparation of selectively benzoylated and fluorinated d-glucopyranoses, required as glycosyl donors for the synthesis of the SGLT inhibitor SAR7226, are discussed.

The use of nitrones in organic synthesis has developed quite rapidly in recent years;1 however, while the use of functionally modified cyclic nitrones (e.g. 1

Pre-clinical evaluation of a potential antipsychotic agent required a convenient synthesis of 3-(1-piperazinyl)-1H-indazole derivatives. Improvements of the original preparation provided a five-step sequence to an unsubstituted piperazine intermediate, with a 67% overall yield. All intermediates were isolated by filtration.

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