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We explain an observed spontaneous transition to the high-brightness, in-phase array state of a seven-core ytterbium-doped fiber laser array [IEEE Photonics Technol. Lett. 13, 439 (2001)]. The responsible mechanism is nonlinear refraction, and either in-phase or antiphase array modes can be selected by control of pump intensity. The phenomenon appears to be robust and scalable.

We demonstrate, theoretically and experimentally, a high power/energy 19-core Yb-doped fiber amplifier that operates in its fundamental in-phase mode. The calculated result using an improved coupled mode theory with gain shows that, with a Gaussian beam as seed, the in-phase supermode dominates. Experimentally, we use a Q-switched single-core fiber laser with single transverse mode as seed, and amplify it with a 5.8 m 19-core fiber. The measured near and far fields are close to the in-phase supermode. The measured M2 factor of the amplified beam is 1.5, which is close to the theoretical value. A pulse energy gain of 20 dB is obtained with the amplified pulse energy up to 0.65 mJ at a repetition frequency of 5 kHz. No appreciable stimulated Brillouin scattering is observed at this power level.

We present a kinetic model for Q-switched, cladding-pumped, high-power Yb-doped fiber lasers that are based on the rate equation, in a difference equation form, of ion population and propagation equations for both pumping and signal light. The effects of fiber-laser parameters, such as doping, length, pump power, and repetition rate on pulse characteristics are analyzed. This model is used to analyze the performance of Q-switched multicore fiber lasers and to show the output pulses with enhanced characteristics.

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