As condições de tempo e clima são essenciais para a agricultura e o desenvolvimento da sociedade, entretanto, sua dinamicidade pouco compreendida pode comprometer algumas atividades humanas. Estudos a respeito da variabilidade da precipitação são fundamentais para o planejamento e tomada de decisão para atividades agrícolas e atividades urbanas. A Região Metropolitana de Curitiba (RMC) possui um grande contingente populacional com grande vulnerabilidade a eventos climáticos extremos, além disso, o médio e baixo Iguaçu são importantes áreas agrícolas do estado, sendo necessários estudos que auxiliem para o planejamento na região. Dessa forma, objetivou-se analisar a variabilidade pluviométrica mensal, sazonal e anual e a distribuição das ocorrências de alagamentos, enxurradas e inundações na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Iguaçu. O recorte temporal utilizado para a análise climática foi de 1977 a 2017. Utilizou-se dados de 78 estações meteorológicas ou pluviométricas distribuídas na área da bacia, além de dados por município de ocorrência de alagamentos, enxurradas ou inundações. Para a análise da precipitação utilizou-se mapa de isoietas e a estatística do box plot e para espacialização das ocorrências dos desastres foram criados mapas temáticos. Identificou-se grande variabilidade regional, anual, sazonal e mensal da precipitação na bacia. Ocorreram 861 casos de alagamentos, enxurradas ou inundações com 872 mil pessoas afetadas em 18 anos de análise.

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Purpose Flubendiamide is a highly toxic and persistent insecticide that causes loss of insect muscle functions leading to paralysis and death. The objective was to screen for filamentous fungi in soils where insecticides had been applied, to isolate entomopathogenic fungi from insect larva (Anticarsia gemmatalis) that infest soybean crops, and to use these in biodegradation of insecticides. Method Filamentous fungi were isolated from soils, and growth inhibition was evaluated on solid medium containing commercial insecticides, Belt® (flubendiamide) and Actara® (thiamethoxam). A total of 133 fungi were isolated from soil and 80 entomopathogenic fungi from insect larva. Based on growth inhibition tests, ten soil fungi, 2 entomopathogenic fungi, and Botryosphaeria rhodina MAMB-05 (reference standard) were selected for growth on commercial insecticides in solid media. Fungi were grown in submerged fermentation on media containing commercial insecticides and assayed for laccase activity. Result Isolates JUSOLCL039 (soil), JUANT070 (insect), and MAMB-05 performed best, and were respectively inhibited by 48.41%, 75.97%, and 79.23% when cultivated on 35 g/L Actara®, and 0.0, 5.42%, and 43.39% on 39.04 g/L Belt®. JUSOLCL039 and JUANT070 were molecularly identified as Trichoderma koningiopsis and Neurospora sp., respectively. The three fungal isolates produced laccase constitutively, albeit at low activities. Fungal growth on pure flubendiamide and thiamethoxam resulted in only thiamethoxam inducing high laccase titers (10.16 U/mL) by JUANT070. Neurospora sp. and B. rhodina degraded flubendiamide by 27.4% and 9.5% in vivo, while a crude laccase from B. rhodina degraded flubendiamide by 20.2% in vitro. Conclusion This is the first report of fungi capable of degrading flubendiamide, which have applications in bioremediation.

Climate change poses a significant risk to the production of Coffea arabica in currently cultivated areas, as the species has low tolerance to extreme temperature. Agroforestry systems are an alternative to contribute to the adaptation of this species and to continue the production in the regions where it is currently cultivated. This study assesses the thermal environment of an agroforestry system (AFS) composed of coffee and rubber trees (Hevea brasiliensis) planted in double rows with different spacings in Londrina, Parana state, Southern Brazil. Data of global solar radiation and temperature of air, leaves, and soil were continuously collected from 2015 to 2018. The findings reveal that the presence of rubber trees affected the microclimate by reducing extreme temperatures and decreasing mean temperatures. In the experimental conditions of limited size of the plots, leaf and soil temperatures represented more realistically the modifications in the microclimate induced by the rubber trees. The study concludes that this system can effectively contribute to the adaptation of coffee plantations in a warmer environment, in order to continue producing in traditional regions in Brazil.