We reviewed the records of 504 patients admitted to the American University of Beirut Medical Center during a 10-year period for treatment of aspiration of a foreign body into the tracheobronchial tree. All underwent rigid fiberoptic bronchoscopy for removal of the foreign body. Complications occurred in 42 patients (8%) and were classified as intraoperative (7 patients), postoperative (25 patients), and failure to retrieve the foreign body by bronchoscopy (9 patients). These complications included respiratory distress necessitating tracheotomy and/or assisted ventilation, bronchial pneumonia, pneumothorax, bradycardia, and cardiac arrest. Variables that were examined were the age and sex of the patient, history of multiple previous bronchoscopies, delay in diagnosis and/or treatment, duration of the procedure, type and location of the foreign body, and use of corticosteroids during surgery. The most important variables that were of value in predicting the occurrence of complications were the history of previous bronchoscopy, the duration of the procedure, and the type of foreign body. Age, sex, delay in diagnosis and treatment, and intraoperative use of corticosteroids, while important, had no predictive value. Detailed results with guidelines for prevention and management are presented.

A high index of suspicion is required for the diagnosis of such a forgotten entity.

SUMMARY Seven patients with a rare syndrome of diabetes insipidus (DI), diabetes mellitus (DM), optic atrophy (OA), neurosensory deafness (D), atony of the urinary tract, and other abnormalities (Wolfram or DIDMOAD syndrome) are reported. Of the seven patients, three siblings were followed up for 10-17 years.All seven patients had diabetes mellitus and optic atrophy; six had diabetes insipidus; and in the four patients investigated there was dilatation of the urinary tract. The severity of diabetes varied, and all required insulin for control of the hyperglycaemia. In one patient the course of the disease simulated maturity onset diabetes of the young; another presented with ketoacidosis; but none had haplotypes usually associated with insulin dependent diabetes mellitus. The diabetes insipidus responded to chlorpropamide, suggesting partial antidiuretic hormone deficiency. Onset of optic atrophy and loss of vision occurred relatively late and progressed slowly, although in one patient there was a rapid deterioration in visual acuity. Deafness was mild, of late onset, and of sensorineural origin.A degenerative process affecting the central and peripheral nervous system can explain all the manifestations of the syndrome except diabetes mellitus. The pathogenesis of the diabetes mellitus remains obscure.

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