Kalanchoe daigremontiana (Crassulaceae) is a medicinal plant native to Madagascar. The aim of this study was to investigate the flavonoid content of an aqueous leaf extract from K. daigremontiana (Kd), and assess its antiherpetic potential. The major flavonoid, kaempferol 3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (1), was isolated from the AcOEt fraction (Kd-AC). The BuOH-soluble fraction afforded quercetin 3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside (2) and the new kaempferol 3-O-β-d-xylopyranosyl-(1 → 2)-α-l-rhamnopyranoside-7-O-β-d-glucopyranoside (3), named daigremontrioside. The crude extract, Kd-AC fraction, flavonoids 1 and 2 were evaluated using acyclovir-sensitive strains of HSV-1 and HSV-2. Kd-AC was highly active against HSV-1 (EC = 0.97 μg/ml, SI > 206.1) and HSV-2 (EC = 0.72 μg/ml, SI > 277.7). Flavonoids 1 and 2 showed anti-HSV-1 (EC = 7.4 μg/ml; SI > 27 and EC = 5.8 μg/ml; SI > 8.6, respectively) and anti-HSV-2 (EC = 9.0 μg/ml; SI > 22.2 and EC = 36.2 μg/ml; SI > 5.5, respectively) activities, suggesting the contribution of additional substances to the antiviral activity.

Background Direct-acting antivirals (DAA) are currently used for the treatment of chronic hepatitis C (HCV). However, few studies describe the adverse effects (AE) associated with DAA therapy in "real-word" cohorts. Aim To evaluate AE in Brazilian chronic HCV patients after DAA-therapy. Setting A reference center for hepatitis treatment in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. Methods An observational "real-world" study was conducted with 102 chronic HCV patients undergoing DAA therapy for 12 or 24 weeks. The self-reported AE were correlated with cirrhosis status, genotype, age, current therapeutic schemes and comorbidities. Serious AE were also investigated. Main outcome measure Frequency of AE during DAA therapy. Results Overall, mean ± SD age was 60.9 ± 9.4 years, 67% were females, HCV-genotype 1 was the most prevalent (81%) and 74% were cirrhotic. Moreover, all patients reached sustained virological response. About 90% of patients reported at least one AE associated with current treatment, with a mean of 2.7 symptoms per patient. The most frequently reported AE were fatigue (43%), headache (42%), neuropsychiatric symptoms (30%) and nausea (26%). Furthermore, hemoglobin < 12 mg/dL was the most frequent (38%) laboratory abnormality observed. Neuropsychiatric symptoms were the only AE significantly different in treatment-experienced group when compared to naïve patients (41.7 vs. 12.5, P = 0.002). The higher frequency of AE did not correlate with the presence of previous treatment, cirrhosis, genotype, age, current therapeutic schemes with DAA or comorbidities. Conclusion DAA-based therapeutic regimens demonstrated safety in a Brazilian "real-world" cohort of chronic hepatitis C patients.

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