The purpose of this investigation was to develop a conceptually grounded scale to assess cognitive aspects of color-blind racial attitudes. Five studies on the Color-Blind Racial Attitudes Scale (CoBRAS) with over 1,100 observations provide initial reliability and validity data. Specifically, results from an exploratory factor analysis suggest a 3-factor solution: Unawareness of Racial Privilege, Institutional Discrimination, and Blatant Racial Issues. A confirmatory factor analysis suggests that the 3-factor model is a good fit of the data and is the best of the competing models. The CoBRAS was positively related to other indexes of racial attitudes as well as 2 measures of belief in a just world, indicating that greater endorsement of color-blind racial attitudes was related to greater levels of racial prejudice and a belief that society is just and fair. Self-reported CoBRAS attitudes were sensitive to diversity training. Over the past 25 years, psychologists have articulated theories and developed corresponding scales to assess modern racial attitudes, many of which have focused on racial prejudice. These new theories and corresponding scales have contributed to how psychologists understand and assess racial attitudes. Three of the most common theories used to describe racial attitudes are the interrelated conceptualizations of symbolic racism (McConahay & Hough, 1976), modern racism (McConahay, 1986), and aversive racism. These theories were developed to understand post-Civil Rights movement expressions of individual racism. They all underscore that racial prejudice is manifested in (a) negative attitudes toward racial and ethnic minority groups, primarily Blacks; (b) "ambivalence between feelings of nonprejudice or egalitarianism and those

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