Abstract. Recent progress on geospatial and sensory, artificial intelligence technologies defines the necessity to revisit conventional geodetic techniques for surveying and mapping. In the present study, an alternative novel surveying method is implemented, which enables the precise localization of characteristic points in any area, including unknown and GNSS-denied environments, by simply using low-cost cameras. The methodology is based on novel algorithms that combine simultaneous localization and mapping (SLAM), deep learning, point-cloud processing, along with coordinate systems’ transformations. The camera system subsequently detects and localizes target markers and reconstructs a 3D environment with relative coordinate estimations under a few centimeters-level of accuracy.
scite is a Brooklyn-based organization that helps researchers better discover and understand research articles through Smart Citations–citations that display the context of the citation and describe whether the article provides supporting or contrasting evidence. scite is used by students and researchers from around the world and is funded in part by the National Science Foundation and the National Institute on Drug Abuse of the National Institutes of Health.