The impact of mycotoxins on human and animal health is now increasingly recognised. Mycotoxin entry to the human and animal dietary systems is mainly by ingestion but increasing evidence also points at entry by inhalation. Mycotoxins exhibit a wide array of biological effects and individual mycotoxins can be mutagenic, carcinogenic, embryotoxic, teratogenic, or oestrogenic. Average levels of ingestion of currently known mycotoxins in most EEC countries are rather low. Little is known about the consequences to humans of such mycotoxin intakes. Establishing a causal relationship between mycotoxin exposure and human disease is complicated by uncertainties associated with human epidemiological studies. Analysis of mycotoxin adducts in human populations can act as a surrogate for human genotoxicity. Mycotoxins can also be immunosuppressive and appear to involve cellular immune phenomena and non-specific humoral factors associated with immunity.

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THE LITERATURE on mongolism is replete with marked differences in incidence of some of the more common eye findings associated with this condition. Few authors define or even partially describe the sign they are reporting, and fewer still explain the means by which the sign was measured. There is no doubt that different authors have used different criteria in reaching their conclusions, and therefore comparison between the results of one report and another is difficult. Furthermore, lack of definition produces confusion, and some signs may receive an emphasis conducive to misdiagnosis.In this study, four of the common eye findings in mongolism, easily determined without special instruments or training, are defined, the pertinent literature reviewed, and the incidence in institutionalized and noninstitutionalized patients with mongolism compared with normal controls. The signs are slanting eyes, epicanthic folds, Brushfield spots, and hypoplasia of the iris. As the frequency of Brushfield spots is related to eye color, the eye color of the institu¬ tionalized mongoloids and of the normal con¬ trol group was determined. For the sake of clarity, each eye finding is considered separately. SubjectsGroup I.-Examined were 138 institutional¬ ized mongoloids, 83 males and 55 females.Doubtful cases were excluded. The data were broken down by five-year age groups : 0 to < 5 years, 5 to < 10 years, 10 to <15 years, 15 to ,33, and 42 subjects in these age groups, respectively. Group II.-Because mongoloid children are rarely institutionalized under 5 years of age, and only four such patients were present in group I, the records of 78 noninstitutionalized mongol¬ oids, primarily examined by one of us (H. Z.), were reviewed and the data on slanting eyes, epicanthus, and Brushfield spots analyzed in asimilar manner and presented in the Table for comparison. There were 64 subjects under 5, and 14 between 5 and 10 years of age. The diag¬ nosis of mongolism was confirmed in most cases by chromosomal analysis.Group III.-Data on 150 "normal" subjects were obtained in a pediatrie out-patient depart¬ ment of a large university hospital. Fifteen males and 15 females were examined in each of the age groups outlined for group I. DefinitionsSlanting Eyes.-A clear plastic straight edge was placed across the bridge of the nose at the level of both inner canthi. The elevation of the outer canthi above this horizontal line was esti¬ mated, in millimeters, by one observer and re¬ corded. All measurements were carried out by the same observer. The use of a protractor in order to measure this slant in degrees was at¬ tempted, but this was found impractical. The position of the head was fixed to insure stand¬ ardization of measurement. The following four categories were defined:1. Straight: if the outer canthi were less than 2 mm above this line;2. Slanting (mongoloid) : if the outer canthi were more than 2 mm above this line ( Fig 1 ) ; 3. Antimongoloid : if the outer canthi were below this line;

SUMMARY Infant motor development was studied in three socio‐cultural groups in Yucatan, Mexico, using the Denver Developmental Screening Test (DDST) and the Bayley Infant Motor Scale. Eight infants (four boys and four girls) at each month of age from two weeks to one year and two weeks were examined in each group, a total of 288 infants (96 in each group). There were no significant differences in motor development among the groups or between boys and girls. There was an increase in abilities with age. Compared with the Bayley norms for the USA, fine motor co‐ordination was advanced in these children but there was a delay in walking. The DDST was unable to detect children more than one standard deviation below the mean on the Bayley Infant Motor Scale. RÉSUMÉ Développement moteur chez les nourrissons du Yucatan Le développement moteur a étéétudié dans trois groupes socioculturels au Yucatan, Mexique, á l'aide du Denver Developmental Screening Test et de la Bayley Infant Motor Scale. Huit nourrissons (4 garçons et 4 filles) á chaque mois d'âge de deux semaines á un an et deux semaines ont été examinés dans chaque groupe. Soit 96 nourrissons pour chaque groupe avec un total de 288 nourrissons. Il n'a pas été observé de différences dans le développement moteur entre les groupes ou entre garĉons et filles. Il a été relevé un progrés en fonction de l'âge. Par comparaison avec les normes de l'échelle Bayley pour les USA, la coordination motrice fine a été notée en avance et la marche en retard. Il n'a jamais été constaté au Denver Developmental Screening Test des résultats pour un enfant à plus d'un écart‐type en dessous de la moyenne de la Bayley Infant Motor Scale. ZUSAMMENFASSUNG Motorische Entwicklung bei Kinclern in Yucatan Mit dem Denver Developmental Screening Test und der Bayley Infant Motor Scale wurde die motorische Entwicklung von Säuglingen aus drei sozio‐kulturellen Gruppen in Yucatan, Mexiko untersucht. In jeder Gruppe wurden 8 Säuglinge (4 Jungen und 4 Mädchen) jeden Monat vom Alter von zwei Wochen bis zum Alter von einem Jahr und zwei Wochen untersucht. So wurden in jeder Gruppe 96 Säuglinge bewertet—im ganzen 288. Es gab keine signifikanten Unterschiede in der motorischen Entwicklung zwischen den Gruppen oder zwischen Jungen und Mädchen. Es zeigte sich eine Zunahme der Fähigkeiten mit dem Alter. Verglichen mit den Bayley Standards für die Vereinigten Staaten war die feinmotorische Koordination voraus, die Gehfähigkeit aber verzögert. Es war nicht möglich, mit dem Denver Developmental Screening Test Kinder niedriger als eine Standardabweichung vom Mittelwert der Bayley Motor Infant Scale zu bestimmen. RESUMEN Desarrollo motor en niños del Yucatán Se estudió el desarrollo motor en lactantes en tres grupos socio‐ culturales de Yucatán (México) utilizando el Screening Test de Desarrollo de Denver y la Escala Motriz de Bayley. Fueron examinados en cada grupo ocho lactantes (cuatro varones y cuatro hembras) en cada mes de edad desde las dos semanas hasta el año y dos semanas. Por consiguiente se evaluaron 96...

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