Integration policies. Within the framework of the « new » government line of thought which developed in the 1970s-1980s, the term « integration » is a label for the government's successive answers to « youth unemployment » and « new poverty » (« exclusion »). The present outline of a social history of « integration » attempts to bring out the many implications of these new ways of managing the lack of jobs, the keystone being « planning logic », to show how the figure of the « unemployable » person has come to replace that of someone simply out of work. The author begins by the analysis of the collective effort that went into making «integration» an «official problem», a category of government thinking which impressed itself in the arenas of politics, unions, CEOs, the media and science. He then seeks to show the debt owed by the successive « integration mechanisms », in particular to the conflicts within the political field and to the different categories of « professional integration workers », in other words, to bring out the inseparable political, professional and « ethical » stakes bound up with «integration». It ultimately appears that these « healing » policies and their successive transformations all combined to « aggravate the disease » they claimed to treat by contributing to the destabilization of salaried work.

Les travaux consacrés à la jeunesse en France et en Europe reposent sur une double thèse : celle de l'institutionnalisation du statut juvénile et de l'individualisation des trajectoires de passage à l'âge adulte. L'auteur montre, par un détour historique, ce que l'on peut appeler l'état de jeunesse à différents moments de l'histoire. Il met en évidence que si l'institutionnalisation s'accompagne d'un certain nombre de droits, cette avancée voisine aussi avec une certaine dépendance des jeunes, due à l'allongement des études, à une entrée dans la vie professionnelle plus lointaine et plus difficile. Et la jeunesse, c'est-à-dire le temps qu 'il faut pour trouver sa place dans la société, peut s'allonger considérablement avec son cortège d'engagements, de révoltes, de désillusions pour les moins qualifiés.

The social uses of reading. Far from revealing a gamut of reading practices that could be ranked with respect to the ideal reading performed by an accomplished reader, the study shows a series of practices that can be broken down into three categories : pleasure reading (« reading for the sake of escape »), didactic reading (« reading for the sake of learning ») and salutary reading (« reading for the sake of self-perfection »), none of which is the same as esthetic reading (« reading for the sake of reading »). By looking at the informants' intentions, motives, stated reasons, but also at their actual practices, the author attempts to bring out the interests which, apart from esthetic pleasure, incite all readers who - in the absence of the requisite conditions - remain inaccessible to «pure pleasure », the uses to which they put their readings, the effects they hope for. These « interests in reading » stem from the informants' background and their position in the social space, from their cultural and educational resources, from their professional occupation, from their socially constituted sexual identity. The uncovering of the social uses of reading and their underlying interests contributes to a fuller explanation of the social distribution of reading practices.

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