Reflex responses were evoked by 12 light stimuli (5.3 x 10-5-3.5 mW cm-2; 500 ms), and the kinetic parameters of each response were recorded. 4 The amplitude and 75% recovery time were positively, and latency was negatively correlated with the logarithm of light stimulus intensity. In the presence of the antidepressants the latency was prolonged, the amplitude was reduced and the 75% recovery time was shortened. There was a positive linear relationship between reflex amplitude and recovery time under all three treatment conditions; this relationship was not significantly affected by the antidepressants. 5 The effects of the antidepressants on latency and amplitude are consistent with the blockade of muscarinic cholinoceptors in the iris, whereas the shortening of the recovery time appears to be secondary to the reduction in amplitude.

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This paper describes how improved communication can be learnt through observation, theoretical knowledge and practise. There is robust evidence that medical and dental professionals with good communication skills suffer from fewer complaints and litigation, experience greater clinical satisfaction and create reduced patient stress. In addition, they achieve improved clinical outcomes and earn more than colleagues with inferior communication skills. Theories of non-verbal and verbal communication are discussed. Examples of improving listening skills and reducing poor communication in the clinical setting are described.