Social systems are always exposed to critical processes in which their organization, or part of it, is questioned by the society that demands solutions through different critical saliences. The traditional approach to such social crises has mainly focused on their anticipation and management, implying that the focus is on trying to deal with crises once they occur, rather than delving in their essential characteristics that seemingly depend on the adaptive nature of the system and the increase in its internal complexity. To address this issue, we propose a dual approach that utilizes both qualitative (documentary analysis) and quantitative methods (online social network analysis) in order to delve into the relationship between the complexity of the social system, its adaptation, and critical episodes. Our analysis shows how an explosive economic growth affects a social system, increasing its complexity. This complexity produces different demands from the system itself. These demands manifest signatures of complexity such as a heterogeneous and rich social structure, which emerges during moments when the society acts strongly.

In this work we analyzed the relationships between powerful politicians and businessmen of Chile in order to study the phenomenon of social power. We developed our study according to Complex Network Theory but also using traditional sociological theories of Power and Elites. Our analyses suggest that the studied network displays common properties of Complex Networks, such as scaling in connectivity distribution, properties of small-world networks, and modular structure, among others. We also observed that social power (a proposed metric is presented in this work) is also distributed inhomogeneously. However, the most interesting observation is that this inhomogeneous power and connectivity distribution, among other observed properties, may be the result of a dynamic and unregulated process of network growth in which powerful people tend to link to similar others. The compatibility between people, increasingly selective as the network grows, could generate the presence of extremely powerful people, but also a constant inequality of power where the difference between the most powerful is the same as among the least powerful. Our results are also in accordance with sociological theories.

En la literatura griega de la Antigüedad los títulos de las obras a menudo presentan problemas de interpretación, pues, por diversas razones, no indican de manera clara su contenido. Muchas obras de Aristóteles presentan esta situación, debido en gran medida a los difíciles problemas de transmi­ sión textual. En este artículo se analizan las condiciones y las dificultades de transmisión de las Refutaciones sofísticas, y se ofrecen soluciones que per­ miten entender de manera más adecuada el título de esta obra.

Quantitative linguistics has contributed significantly to the study of the origins and properties of natural languages. Among many statistical properties described, one of the most basic but no less fundamental, is the well-known Zipf's law. Its ubiquity would reveal underlying principles of natural languages functioning. Although the presence of this law reduces drastically the probability that a text can be the result of a random process, it is insufficient information to determine if the text is the result of a ciphering process that shifts the position of words of a "readable" text, or if the text corresponds to a non-sense one constructed with a "bag of words" with a Zipfian distribution. In this work we show that simple global topological properties of co-ocurrent word networks constructed from texts, seem to be the fingerprint of the sense texts. We observe that many statistical properties of these networks depend on the frequency of words in the text, however, others seem to be strictly determined by the grammar. Our results suggest that seems to be a lower bound of sense that depends on the correlation between mean word connectivity and word connectivity correlation. This property, in addition to being only present in sense text, and absent in, until now, not decoded texts such as Voynich Manuscript, would also be exclusive for natural languages, allowing us to discriminate between these and formal texts.keywords: complex networks, word networks,Voynich manuscript, quantitative linguistics