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Leftist governments with strong links to organized labor are expected to increase the number of people protected by job security rules. But do they? I explore whether the Left in power at the local level in Brazil cracks down on enterprises that employ noncontract, informal‐sector workers, and implements policies aimed at reducing the size of the informal sector. With a close‐election regression‐discontinuity design, I show that mayors from the Workers' Party (PT) in fact slow down enforcement and improve conditions in the informal sector, rather than encouraging a shift to formal jobs. This reflects a challenge that leftist parties face across the world: how to simultaneously improve the employment prospects and conditions of workers in precarious employment and those in full‐time jobs in the context of increased global competition, segmented labor markets and, in Latin America, truncated welfare states.

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RESUMEN: El trabajo analiza el proceso político mediante el cual la presidencia de Néstor Kirchner (2003-2007) cambió la debilidad electoral y fragmentación partidaria por una fuerte concentración del poder en el presidente. Para ello, en primer lugar, se revisan los debates académicos sobre los rasgos de los presidencialismos latinoamericanos. Luego, el trabajo analiza el poder del presidente argentino y las características del liderazgo presidencial y se enfoca en las estrategias que llevó adelante en relación con su propio partido para la conformación de una mayoría legislativa disciplinada. Dos son las conclusiones que pueden extraerse de este proceso: en primer lugar, si bien las crisis políticas y económicas pueden traer consigo cambios importantes sobre la dinámica de funcionamiento del sistema político, en detrimento del poder presidencial, estas nuevas condiciones son abandonadas rápidamente una vez que las condiciones económicas y políticas mejoran. En segundo lugar, la fortaleza de los presidentes argentinos es fruto del ejercicio de las funciones presidenciales, antes que de una construcción partidaria previa. ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the political process by which president Néstor Kirchner (2003-2007) overcame an initial context of electoral weakness and partisan fragmentation concentrating the political power on the presidential figure. With this purpose, first this article summarizes the academic debate around Latin American presidentialism. Then it analyzes the power of the president, the presidential leadership and the specific strategies that president Kirchner applied to interact with his own party with the objective of building a supportive legislative majority. From this process the article infers two conclusions: first, even if economic and political crises can introduce important changes over the functioning dynamics of the presidential systems by ameliorating the president’s prominent position, these new conditions can be rapidly abandoned when economic and political conditions improve. Second, the strength of the Argentine presidents depends mainly on the exercise of the presidential functions, rather than on a previous partisan construction.

Latin American countries experienced a significant reduction in income inequality at the turn of the twenty-first century. From the early 2000s to around 2012, the average Gini coefficient fell from 0.51 to 0.47. The period of falling inequality coincided with leftist presidential candidates achieving electoral victories across the region: by 2009, 11 of the 17 countries had a leftist president—the so-called Pink Tide. Using a difference-in-differences design, a range of econometric models, inequality measurements, and samples, this study finds evidence that leftist governments lowered income inequality faster than non-leftist regimes, increasing the income share captured by the first 7 deciles at the expense of the top 10 percent. The analysis suggests that this reduction was achieved by increasing social pensions, minimum wages, and tax revenue.