RESUMEN: El trabajo analiza el proceso político mediante el cual la presidencia de Néstor Kirchner (2003-2007) cambió la debilidad electoral y fragmentación partidaria por una fuerte concentración del poder en el presidente. Para ello, en primer lugar, se revisan los debates académicos sobre los rasgos de los presidencialismos latinoamericanos. Luego, el trabajo analiza el poder del presidente argentino y las características del liderazgo presidencial y se enfoca en las estrategias que llevó adelante en relación con su propio partido para la conformación de una mayoría legislativa disciplinada. Dos son las conclusiones que pueden extraerse de este proceso: en primer lugar, si bien las crisis políticas y económicas pueden traer consigo cambios importantes sobre la dinámica de funcionamiento del sistema político, en detrimento del poder presidencial, estas nuevas condiciones son abandonadas rápidamente una vez que las condiciones económicas y políticas mejoran. En segundo lugar, la fortaleza de los presidentes argentinos es fruto del ejercicio de las funciones presidenciales, antes que de una construcción partidaria previa. ABSTRACT: This article analyzes the political process by which president Néstor Kirchner (2003-2007) overcame an initial context of electoral weakness and partisan fragmentation concentrating the political power on the presidential figure. With this purpose, first this article summarizes the academic debate around Latin American presidentialism. Then it analyzes the power of the president, the presidential leadership and the specific strategies that president Kirchner applied to interact with his own party with the objective of building a supportive legislative majority. From this process the article infers two conclusions: first, even if economic and political crises can introduce important changes over the functioning dynamics of the presidential systems by ameliorating the president’s prominent position, these new conditions can be rapidly abandoned when economic and political conditions improve. Second, the strength of the Argentine presidents depends mainly on the exercise of the presidential functions, rather than on a previous partisan construction.
RESUmO: Este artigo tem dois objetivos. O primeiro é explicar as inconsistências do regime de conversibilidade que levaram à crise de 2001. O argumento sugere que os requisitos de credibilidade para a convertibilidade induziram uma dinâmica de compromissos jurí-dicos, fiscais, financeiros e externos que aumentaram os custos de saída e inconsistências de tempo. O segundo objetivo é explicar as tensões do regime flutuante que substituiu a conversibilidade em 2002. Nós descrevemos os efeitos de uma taxa de câmbio flutuante em desequilíbrio macroeconômico e a crescente tensão entre a competitividade e a inflação. PALAVRAS-CHAVE: Política econômica; crise da taxa de câmbio; convertibilidade; Argentina.ABSTRACT: The purpose of this article is twofold. The first is to explain the time inconsistencies of the convertibility regime that led to the 2001 crisis. The argument suggests that the credibility requirements for convertibility induced a dynamic of legal, fiscal, financial and external commitments that increased exit costs and time inconsistencies. The second objective is to explain the tensions of the floating regime that replaced convertibility in 2002. we describe the effects of a floating exchange rate on macroeconomic imbalance and the growing tension between competitiveness and inflation.
Interest groups’ influence on government affects economic policy making and has an impact on economic crises. Under Argentina’s convertibility exchange-rate regime until its collapse in 2001, tradable-goods entrepreneurs’ preferences depended on the degree to which the government offered them trade-offs either to offset the loss of competitiveness stemming from the currency peg or to exempt them from the costs of devaluation. For the nontradable sector and investors the costs of maintaining the peg to the dollar were always less than those entailed in abandoning the regime. While the fiscal and external inconsistencies of convertibility reduced the preference of the International Monetary Fund for maintaining convertibility, the cost of changing it induced the Fund to continue financing the Argentine government. Moreover, the influence exerted on the IMF by the governments of countries whose businesses had been affected by the distribution of the cost of abandoning the convertibility discouraged financial collaboration by the foreign assistance organizations during the collapse. La influencia de los grupos de interés sobre el gobierno afecta la orientación de la política económica y tiene su impacto en las crisis económicas. Durante el régimen de convertibilidad en Argentina hasta su colapso en 2001, las preferencias de los empresarios de bienes transables dependían del grado en que el gobierno les ofrecía compensaciones, sea para moderar la pérdida de competitividad derivada de la fijación o para sustraerlos de los costos de la devaluación. Para los empresarios del sector no transable y los inversores financieros los costos de mantener la fijación con el dólar resultaron siempre inferiores que los de salir del régimen. Si las inconsistencias fiscales y externas de la convertibilidad desalentaban la preferencia del FMI por mantener la convertibilidad, los costos de cambiarla indujeron al Fondo a sostener el financiamiento al gobierno argentino. Asimismo, la influencia que ejercieron sobre el FMI los gobiernos de los países cuyas empresas habían sido afectadas en la distribución de los costos del cambio de régimen cambiario desalentó la colaboración financiera de los organismos proveedores de ayuda externa durante el colapso.
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