The world is currently facing a novel viral pandemic (SARS-CoV-2), and large-scale testing is central to decision-making for the design of effective policies and control strategies to minimize its impact on the global population. However, testing for the presence of the virus is a major bottleneck in tracking the spreading of the disease. Given its adaptability regarding the nucleotide sequence of target regions, RT-qPCR is a strong ally to reveal the rapid geographical spreading of novel viruses. We assessed PCR variations in the SARS-CoV-2 diagnosis taking into account public genome sequences and diagnosis kits used by different countries. We analyzed 226 SARS-CoV-2 genome sequences from samples collected by March 22, 2020. Our work utilizes a phylogenetic approach that reveals the early evolution of the virus sequence as it spreads around the globe and informs the design of RT-qPCR primers and probes. The quick expansion of testing capabilities of a country during a pandemic is largely impaired by the availability of adequately trained personnel on RNA isolation and PCR analysis, as well as the availability of hardware (thermocyclers). We propose that rapid capacity development can circumvent these bottlenecks by training medical and nonmedical personnel with some laboratory experience, such as biology-related graduate students. Furthermore, the use of thermocyclers available in academic and commercial labs can be promptly calibrated and certified to properly conduct testing during a pandemic. A decentralized, fast-acting training and testing certification pipeline will better prepare us to manage future pandemics.

BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Very little is known about the epidemiology of chronic pain in Brazil; especially in the case of multiple pain prevalence surveys. Knowing about the prevalence of chronic pain in the Brazilian population is an important step in revealing the scope and magnitude of its effects, providing a guide to preventive and intervention strategies, mainly public policies. The objective is to review descriptively the publications made in Brazil to estimate the prevalence of chronic pain in the Brazilian population. CONTENTS: The search in the indexed database of the Portal of Periodicals of CAPES with the Descriptors in Health Sciences: "Prevalence" and "Chronic Pain" returned, after the screening, a total of 10 articles. The prevalence of chronic pain varied from 29.3 to 73.3%, affecting more women than men and the most prevalent site was the dorsal/lumbar region. Most of the studies showed percentage higher than the estimated for the world population. However, we cannot say that the prevalence of chronic pain in the Brazilian population is higher since the values of the surveys reflect only regional data. CONCLUSION: The studies found in this review showed a recent interest in the epidemiology of chronic pain in the country, all in the last decade. However, they do not allow an accurate estimate, and more studies are needed to obtain a representative prevalence of the Brazilian population.

Abstract-In this study we used a method that permits bilateral or unilateral microinjections of drugs into the rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) of conscious, freely moving rats. There is only limited information about how sympathetic vasomotor tone is maintained by premotor RVLM neurons in conscious animals. It has long been known that glycine microinjection into the RVLM region leads to a decrease in blood pressure (BP) in anesthetized animals.In the present study we show that both unilateral and bilateral microinjection of glycine at the same dose used for anesthetized rats (50 nmol, 50 nL) into the RVLM increases BP in conscious animals. A similar response was also observed when the excitatory amino acid L-glutamate was microinjected into the RVLM. The microinjection of kynurenic acid into the RVLM did not change the basal level of BP but blocked the increase in BP after glycine or glutamate microinjection. A decrease in BP was only observed when low doses of glycine were used (1 to 10 nmol). We conclude that, in conscious animals, the hypertension occurring in response to high doses of glycine into the RVLM is dependent on glutamatergic synapses within the RVLM. A decrease in BP observed when low doses of glycine were used shows that in conscious animals, the RVLM, in association with other premotor neurons, is probably responsible for the maintenance of sympathetic vasomotor tone, because glycine is less effective in decreasing BP under these circumstances than in anesthetized animals. Key Words: vasomotor tone Ⅲ ventrolateral medulla Ⅲ glycine Ⅲ hypertension, experimental Ⅲ rats T he ventrolateral medulla (VLM) represents the central structure for the generation, maintenance, and reflex control of sympathetic vasomotor tone and pulsatile arterial blood pressure (BP). 1-3 Two distinct groups of neurons have been identified within the VLM: the rostral VLM (RVLM) contains sympathetic premotor neurons responsible for maintaining the tonic excitation of sympathetic preganglionic neurons involved in cardiovascular regulation, 1,2,4 and the caudal VLM is a depressor area clearly involved in reflex regulation of BP. 1,2 Recently, a third area, caudal to the caudal VLM, was identified in the VLM as a tonic caudal pressor area that contributes to maintaining basal levels of vasomotor tone and BP. 5,6 A significant proportion of tonic activity in RVLM sympathetic premotor neurons is driven by caudal pressor area neurons, at least in anesthetized rats. 6 The RVLM is a pressor area containing sympathetic premotor neurons. There is a large body of evidence showing that the functional integrity of the RVLM is essential for the maintenance of basal vasomotor tone. Electrolytic lesion or chemical inactivation of RVLM neurons by inhibitory amino acids such as glycine or ␥-aminobutyric acid results in a collapse of BP similar to that usually obtained in acute spinal animals. 3,7,8 Most of these studies were performed on anesthetized animals, a condition that may be a limiting factor in the interpretation and analysis of ...

The rostral ventrolateral medulla (RVLM) contains neurons involved in tonic and reflex control of arterial pressure. We describe the effects of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) and anesthetics injected into the RVLM of conscious and urethane (1.2 g/kg, iv) anesthetized Wistar rats (300-350 g). In conscious rats, bilateral microinjection of GABA (50 nmol/200 nl) induced a small but significant decrease in blood pressure (from 130 ± 3.6 to 110 ± 5.6 mmHg, N = 7). A similar response was observed with sodium pentobarbital microinjection (24 nmol/200 nl). However, in the same animals, the fall in blood pressure induced by GABA (from 121 ± 8.9 to 76 ± 8.8 mmHg, N = 7) or pentobarbital (from 118 ± 4.5 to 57 ± 11.3 mmHg, N = 6) was significantly increased after urethane anesthesia. In contrast, there was no difference between conscious (from 117 ± 4.1 to 92 ± 5.9 mmHg, N = 7) and anesthetized rats (from 123 ± 6.9 to 87 ± 8.7 mmHg, N = 7) when lidocaine (34 nmol/200 nl) was microinjected into the RVLM. The heart rate variations were not consistent and only eventually reached significance in conscious or anesthetized rats. The right position of pipettes was confirmed by histology and glutamate microinjection into the RVLM. These findings suggest that in conscious animals the RVLM, in association with the other sympathetic premotor neurons, is responsible for the maintenance of sympathetic vasomotor tone during bilateral RVLM inhibition. Activity of one or more of these premotor neurons outside the RVLM can compensate for the effects of RVLM inhibition. In addition, the effects of lidocaine suggest that fibers passing through the RVLM are involved in the maintenance of blood pressure in conscious animals during RVLM inhibition.

RESUMO ABSTRACT Introduction:In Tocantins, the behavior of malaria differs between microregions, with predominance of imported cases. This study describes a spatial analysis on malaria in the state covering 2003 to 2008, which sought to identify the incidence of autochthonous and imported cases, and the origin of the latter, in the microregions. Methods: This was a retrospective study using secondary data. The data source was the epidemiological surveillance information system for malaria (SIVEP-Malária), and the data were analyzed using the Epi Info version 3.5.1 and Bioestat version 5.0 statistical software. Results: It was found that malaria was not homogeneously distributed in all municipalities. The area of highest priority comprised municipalities located in microregions in the west of the state, at the border of Pará, which also had the highest number of autochthonous cases. The association between the autochthonous and imported cases and the Plasmodium species showed a statistically significant difference (G = 54.25; p < 0.0001). Among the eight microregions, Miracema do Tocantins, Araguaína and Bico do Papagaio accounted for 75.8% of the cases and, among these, eleven municipalities stood out. Regarding provenance, the State of Pará showed widespread distribution with 85.5% of the total, followed by French Guiana with 7.4%. Conclusions: These results demonstrated the predominance of imported cases and the difference between municipalities and microregions, and showed the influence of neighboring states in determining the areas of greatest risk. These data are important, since they contribute towards guiding and directing public policies regarding this disease in Tocantins.