Background Tobacco smoking compromises the prognosis of dental implant treatment and is associated with increased risk of peri‐implant bone loss and increased implant failure rate. There is a dearth of studies that have compared clinical, radiographic, and immunological peri‐implant parameters among cigarette smokers (CS), individuals vaping e‐cigarettes (e‐cigs), and non‐smokers (NS). This study aimed to compare clinical and radiographic peri‐implant parameters and levels of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐9 and interleukin (IL)‐1β levels among CS, individuals’ vaping e‐cigs, and NS. Methods Thirty‐two CS (group 1), 31 individuals vaping e‐cigs (group 2), and 32 NS (group 3) were included. Demographic‐ and implant‐related data were collected using a structured baseline questionnaire. Peri‐implant plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), and probing depth (PD) were recorded and marginal bone loss (MBL) were assessed using standardized digital radiographs. Enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay was used to assess levels of MMP‐9 and IL‐1β in peri‐implant sulcular fluid. Pearson correlation coefficient was used to analyze for correlations of MMP‐9 and IL‐1β levels with peri‐implant parameters. Results BOP showed significantly higher values in group 3 as compared with groups 1 and 2 (P < 0.01). PI (P < 0.01), PD ≥ 4 mm (P < 0.01), and mean concentrations of MMP‐9 (P < 0.001) and IL‐1β (P < 0.01) were significantly higher in groups 1 and 2 than group 3. MBL was significantly higher in group 1 as compared with group 2 and group 3 (P < 0.01). Significant positive correlations were found between MMP‐9 (P = 0.0198) and IL‐1β (P = 0.0047) levels and MBL in group 1; and a significant positive correlation between IL‐1β and MBL in group 2 (P = 0.0031). Conclusions Peri‐implant health was compromised among CS than vaping individuals and NS. Increased levels of proinflammatory cytokines in CS and vaping individuals may suggest greater peri‐implant inflammatory response.

Background Studies evaluating and comparing clinical and radiographic peri‐implant indices around narrow diameter implants (NDIs; <3.3 mm) and regular diameter implants (RDIs) in type‐2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and non‐diabetic individuals are deficient. Objective To estimate and compare the clinical and radiographic indices around NDIs and RDIs placed in T2DM and non‐diabetic patients. Materials and Methods Eighty‐six patients requiring implant surgery in the posterior mandible were divided into two groups (42 T2DM and 44 non‐diabetic individuals). Patients were further categorized into two subgroups on the basis of diameter of implants: (1) patients with NDIs (3.3 mm ø) and (2) patients with RDIs (4.1 mm ø). Clinical indices evaluating plaque index (PI), bleeding on probing (BOP), probing depth (PD), and crestal bone levels (CBL) were recorded around all dental implants at 18 and 36 months follow up. Serum hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) test was carried out for both groups to assess the profile of glycosylated hemoglobin at baseline, 18 and 36 months of follow up. Results The mean age of patients in T2DM group and non‐diabetic group was 45.2 and 41.6 years, respectively. At 18 and 36 months follow up, mean HbA1c levels were 6.5% and 4.5% and 6.7% and 4.5% in T2DM and non‐diabetic individuals, respectively. A statistically significant reduction in mean HbA1c levels from the baseline to respective follow‐up periods were seen in T2DM patients. There was no statistically significant difference in the overall mean scores of PI, BOP, PD, and CBL around NDIs and RDIs among T2DM and non‐diabetic patients at 18 and 36 months of follow up. Conclusion NDIs show reliable clinical stability and radiographic bone levels as RDIs placed in T2DM and non‐diabetic individuals, provided oral hygiene and glycemic status are strictly maintained.

The objective was to formulate and analyze a dentin adhesive incorporated with graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticle and calcium phosphate (CaP) composite. Methods comprising of scanning electron microscopy (SEM)–energy dispersive X‐ray spectroscopy (EDX), micro‐Raman spectroscopy, shear bond strength (SBS), and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy were used to characterize nanoparticle composite, dentin bond toughness, degree of conversion (DC), and adhesive‐dentin interaction. Postsynthesis of GO nanoparticles, they were functionalized with CaP using standard process. The GO‐CaP composite was not added to experimental adhesive (negative control group, GO‐CaP‐0%), and added at 2.5 and 5 wt% to yield GO‐CaP‐2.5% and GO‐CaP 5% groups, respectively. Teeth were set to form bonded samples utilizing adhesives in three groups for SBS testing, with and without thermocycling. The homogenous diffusion of GO‐CaP composite was verified in the adhesive. Resin tags having standard penetrations were observed on SEM micrographs. The EDX analysis confirmed the occurrence of calcium, phosphorus, and carbon ions in the composite containing adhesives. The SBS test revealed highest mean values for GO‐CaP‐5% followed by GO‐CaP‐2.5%. The FTIR spectra verified the presence of apatite peaks and the micro‐Raman spectra showed characteristic D and G bands for GO nanoparticles. GO‐CaP composite in dentin adhesive may improve its bond strength. The addition of 5 wt% resulted in a bond strength that was superior to all other groups. GO‐CaP‐5% group demonstrated lower DC (to control), uniform distribution of GO and CaP composite within adhesive, appropriate dentin interaction, and resin tag formation.

No abstract

Aim:The study aims to determine the perspective of dental professionals towards magnifying loupes and the selection criteria used while purchasing them. Materials and methods:In this regard, a close-ended questionnaire was structured and distributed among 111 dental professionals. The questionnaire was designed to obtain information regarding the usage of magnifying loupes in dental practices and procedures, limiting factors, and selection criteria for purchasing. The results obtained from this study were statistically analyzed with the help of SPSS. Results:The findings illustrated that most respondents considered the use of magnifying loupes beneficial in dental practices. Also, 20.7% of them preferred "Through-the-Lens" magnifying loupes over "Flip-up" ones.Furthermore, many of the respondents considered that price, magnification, and resolution are the main factors in terms of selection criteria. Conclusion:Although, there is an immense growth seen in the usage of magnifying loupes in dentistry; still there is a need to increase the awareness of the dental professionals regarding the positive outcomes of magnification aids in dentistry. Clinical significance:The study will help enlightening clinicians regarding the selection criteria while purchasing magnifying loupes for dental practices.