In the present study, the performance of reinforced concrete tunnel (RCT) under internal water pressure is evaluated by using nonlinear finite element analysis and surrogate models. Several parameters, including the compressive and tensile strength of concrete, the size of the longitudinal reinforcement bar, the transverse bar diameter, and the internal water pressure, are considered as the input variables. Based on the levels of variables, 36 mix designs are selected by the Taguchi method, and 12 mix designs are proposed in this study. Carbon fiber reinforced concrete (CFRC) or glass fiber reinforced concrete (GFRC) is considered for simulating these 12 samples. Principal component regression (PCR), Multi Ln equation regression (MLnER), and gene expression programming (GEP) are employed for predicting the percentage of damaged surfaces (PDS) of the RCT, the effective tensile plastic strain (ETPS), the maximum deflection of the RCT, and the deflection of crown of RCT. The error terms and statistical parameters, including the maximum positive and negative errors, mean absolute percentage error (MAPE), root mean square error (RMSE), coefficient of determination, and normalized square error (NMSE), are utilized to evaluate the accuracy of the models. Based on the results, GEP performs better than other models in predicting the outputs. The results show that the internal water pressure and the mechanical properties of concrete have the most effect on the damage and deflection of the RCT.

Background Cutaneous leishmaniasis (CL) is endemic in 98 countries, and 350 million people are at risk of the disease worldwide. In endemic areas, conducting educational interventions is necessary to change preventive behaviors of CL. This study aimed to investigate the effect of an educational intervention based on the BASNEF model on CL preventive behavior in students. Methods The present quasi-experimental study examined 80 students living in endemic areas of leishmaniasis in Isfahan province, Iran based on the BASNEF model. The required data were collected twice before and two months after the educational intervention based on a questionnaire whose validity and reliability had been already proven in other studies. The intervention was performed in three educational sessions for the students in the intervention group and 1 educational session for teachers and parents. Data were analyzed by SPSS (VER26) using the chi-square test, independent t-test, analysis of covariance (ANCOVA), and Paired t-test. Results After intervention, the mean scores of Knowledge (P < 0.001), attitude (P = 0.02), subjective norms (P = 0.04), behavioral intention (P < 0.001), and behavior (P = 0.02) indicated significant differences between the intervention and control groups, but an increase in mean scores of enabling factors was not significant (P = 0. 93). Conclusions Providing students with the educational intervention based on the BASNEF model improve their ability to the extent that they transmit these educations to their family members, which would be effective in preventing and controlling CL in leishmaniasis-prone areas. Trial registration Name: Iranian Registry of Clinical Trials. Registration number: IRCT20201024049131N1. Registration date: 2020–11-20. Registration timing: prospective.