Graphene oxide (GO) nanoparticle is a high potential effective absorbent. Tetracycline (TC) is a broad-spectrum antibiotic produced, indicated for use against many bacterial infections. In the present research, a systematic study of the adsorption and release process of tetracycline on GO was performed by varying pH, sorption time and temperature. The results of our studies showed that tetracycline strongly loads on the GO surface via π–π interaction and cation–π bonding. Investigation of TC adsorption kinetics showed that the equilibrium was reached within 15 min following the pseudo-second-order model with observed rate constants of k2 = 0.2742–0.5362 g/mg min (at different temperatures). The sorption data has interpreted by the Langmuir model with the maximum adsorption of 323 mg/g (298 K). The mean energy of adsorption was determined 1.83 kJ/mol (298 K) based on the Dubinin–Radushkevich (D–R) adsorption isotherm. Moreover, the thermodynamic parameters such as ΔH°, ΔS° and ΔG° values for the adsorption were estimated which indicated the endothermic and spontaneous nature of the sorption process. The electrochemistry approved an ideal reaction for the adsorption under electrodic process. Simulation of GO and TC was done by LAMMPS. Force studies in z direction showed that tetracycline comes close to GO sheet by C8 direction. Then it goes far and turns and again comes close from amine group to the GO sheet.

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Background: Hydatid disease (HD) is still an important health hazard in the world. This disease is a parasitic infestation endemic in many sheep-and cattle-raising areas such as Iran. Objectives: This study aimed to review the clinical manifestations, laboratory aspects, imaging findings, and management of HD. Patients and Methods: Data were collected from the medical records of patients diagnosed with HD in eight referral hospitals in different provinces of Iran from 2001 to 2014. Results: Overall, 161 children at a mean age of 9.25 ± 3.37 years (age range = 1 -15 years old) hospitalized with a definite diagnosis of the hydatid cyst between 2001 and 2014 were studied. The male-to-female ratio was 1.6:1. The most commonly involved organ was the lung (67.1%), followed by the liver (44.1%) and a combined liver and lung involvement was found in 15.5% of the patients. The cysts were found more frequently in the right lobe of the liver and lung than in the left lobe. The most frequent complaints were fever (35.4%) and abdominal pain (31.7%), and the most frequent sign was an abdominal mass in the liver involvement and cough in the lung involvement. There was a high eosinophil count (> 500/micL) in 41% of our cases. A high erythrocyte sedimentation rate (> 30) or positive C-reactive protein (based on the qualitative method) was found in 18.6% of the patients and leukocytosis > 15000/micL in 29.2% of the children. Ultrasonography was the main imaging test, with an accuracy rate of 96%, and chest X-ray was helpful in 88.6% of the cases. Surgery was performed in 89% of the patients, and selective patients underwent percutaneous aspiration-injection-reaspiration drainage or medical treatment. Conclusions: The lung was the most commonly involved organ in the children recruited in the present study. Given the high probability of multiple organ involvement, we recommend that patients with HD be assessed via ultrasonography and chest X-ray. In endemic regions, unexplained eosinophilia should be considered as a parasitic disease like HD and its complications.

Background: Recurrent urinary tract infection (UTI) is one of the major health problems in children because of its high rate of occurrence. This study aimed at evaluating the frequency of recurrent urinary tract infection and related factors in children aged two months to 15 years old, refereed to the pediatric nephrology clinic of Zahedan city. Methods: In this descriptive study, 270 children with urinary tract infection were studied. The sampling method was convenient. Information was gathered from patients and their files. Data was analyzed by the SPSS version 18 software, using Chi Square and T-test. Results: The mean age of the children was 4.3 ± 3.7 years old. Thirty-four children (12.6%) were male and 236 (87.4%) female (P > 0.05). Overall, 109 children (73.6%) with recurrent UTI and 53 children (44.2%) without recurrent UTI had abnormal ultrasonography (P = 0.001). Furthermore, 115 children (76.7%) with recurrent UTI and 100 children (83.3%) with first UTI had positive results for E. coli culture (P = 0.177). Seventy-nine children (54.5%) with recurrent UTI and 61 children (39%) with first UTI were diagnosed to have elimination syndrome (P = 0.067). Abnormal VCUG was found in 39 children (47.6%) of 82 children with recurrent UTI yet children with first UTI had normal VCUG (P = 0.001). Conclusions: There was no difference regarding age, gender, dysfunctional elimination syndrome, and urine culture in children with recurrent UTI compared to those with first UTI, yet abnormal VCUG, kidney, and urinary tract ultrasonography were much more common in children with recurrent UTI.

Background: Fever is a natural response of the host to infection and a normal part of children's infectious disease. Objectives: The purpose of the study was comparison of the combined treatment of acetaminophen and ibuprofen compact with each treatment alone. Methods: This Double-blind clinical trial study was done on 540 children with 38°C to 41°C as body temperature. Eligible children after considering inclusion criteria divided in three groups randomly. First group of 183 patients administrated with acetaminophen, the second and the third groups of 178 and 179 patients with ibuprofen and combination. The first dose of antipyretic drug was administered to the patient under the supervision of a physician or nurse. After explanation of benefits and marginal effects to the parents if they accepted the conditions their children were admitted to the study. Parents were free if they wish to withdraw the study before completing. Information of each patient was recorded on a form. The data were analyzed by descriptive statistic, one-way ANOVA and SPSS software version 16. Results: Out of sample 60.6% were boy. The mean age of children treated with acetaminophen, ibuprofen and combination therapy