Purpose This paper aims to examine the relationship between corporate social responsibility (CSR) and sales revenue of two retail companies (Marks & Spencer and Tesco) in the UK to understand how CSR activities can influence retail sales growth. Prior studies have used different theoretical and methodological approaches to report the relationships between CSR and financial performance generally as positive, negative, mixed or neutral, and these are yet to be conclusive. Design/methodology/approach Clarifying the existing inconclusive results, the authors deduced donations, community work and environmental responsibility CSR activities from the literature and mapped them out onto sales revenue to formulate conceptual propositions. The authors extracted the corresponding data from the companies’ websites and financial reports, focusing on their 2006-2014 CSR and sales activities, and statistically analysed the longitudinal data with Pearson correlation coefficient. Findings The findings revealed positive correlations between donations and sales revenue for the two companies, which suggest that retailers’ philanthropic activities can boost sales levels overtime. Whereas the findings on the community work and the environmental-friendly activities relate either positively or negatively to sales revenue for the companies. Practical implications There is an indication for retail managers to pursue philanthropic activities to effect sales growth. Retailers exhibiting features of Marks & Spencer can commit to community investment to increase revenue over time, whereas those showing features of Tesco can pledge environmental-friendly strategies to influence a stronger correlation between carbon emissions and sales revenue levels. Originality/value The outcomes support the extant findings that donations can improve retail sales performance, while community work and the environmental-friendly activities do not necessarily improve sales growth in the retail sector but suggest that retailers can exploit more of the ones that benefit their sales revenue levels. Theoretically, the study supports the stakeholder theory’s influence on firms’ obligation to charitable cause, community investment and environmental-friendly responsibility as CSR activities that make retailers morally responsible to their customers and society in general, whereas the sustainable development model was instrumental in retailers’ CSR activities relating to environmental protection.

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The purpose of this study was to explore the drop-out ratio at college level including analysis of socio-economic and institutional factors. The population of the study was all the students and teachers of Islamabad Model Colleges for boys at F.Sc level. The methodology for the study was quantitative in nature. Besides, self-structured questionnaire was used as data collection instruments. Questionnaire was constructed according to five point Likert Scale. The validity and reliability of the instrument was ensured. Further, the reliability of the instrument was checked through Cronbach Alpha. The researcher personally visit all the selected institutes and collect the data. Moreover, Frequency, percentage, mean score and standard deviation was used a statistical tools including SPSS was used as data analysis software. The data after analysis was presented in the form of tables and figures. Major recommendations of the study were: Government must ensure the presence of teachers at schools in school hours. For this purpose involvement of parents and community members is vital. Better conduct of teachers can bring revolution in the field of education. Teacher-student relationship plays a dynamic role in the learning processes of children. It is one of the most essential areas through which teachers can not only attract students to schools but also make the teaching-learning a fun experience for the children. And for the enhancement of professional career and to coup the new challenges need base refresher courses, workshops and seminars should be organized for head teachers and teachers