In the avian inner ear, nonsensory supporting cells give rise to new sensory hair cells through two distinct processes: mitosis and direct transdifferentiation. Regulation of supporting cell behavior and cell fate specification during avian hair cell regeneration is poorly characterized. Expression of Atoh1, a proneural transcription factor necessary and sufficient for developmental hair cell specification, was examined using immunofluorescence in quiescent and regenerating hair cell epithelia of mature chickens. In untreated birds, Atoh1 protein was not detected in the auditory epithelium, which is quiescent. In contrast, numerous Atoh1-positive nuclei were seen in the utricular macula, which undergoes continual hair cell turnover.

bronchoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic: A four-center collaborative protocol to improve safety with perioperative management strategies and creation of a surgical tent with disposable drapes, International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology, https://doi.are co-senior authors Running Title: Bronchoscopy during the COVID-19 pandemic.Word Count: 3671 words. Abstract:Aerosolization procedures during the COVID-19 pandemic place all operating room personnel at risk for exposure. We offer detailed perioperative management strategies and present a specific protocol designed to improve safety during pediatric laryngoscopy and bronchoscopy. Several methods of using disposable drapes for various procedures are described, with the goal of constructing a tent around the patient to decrease widespread contamination of dispersed droplets and generated aerosol. The concepts presented herein are translatable to future situations where aerosol generating procedures increase risk for any pathogenic exposure. This protocol is a collaborative effort based on knowledge gleaned from clinical and simulation experience from Children's Hospital Colorado, Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, The Hospital for Sick Children in Toronto, and Boston Children's Hospital.

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