Background and ObjectivesPneumatic injection therapy (PIT) is a needle-free, penetrationenhanced, transdermal method of delivering drugs into the skin. This study evaluated topographically the PIT-induced transcutaneous infiltration of a 20% hypertonic glucose solution in fresh human cadavers and outlined the microscopic patterns and reactions to PIT with a 20% glucose solution in in vivo rat skin. Materials and MethodsThe penetration depths of a 20% glucose solution by PIT were analyzed macroscopically in 10 hemifaces from fresh cadavers. In addition, the infiltration patterns of PIT with a 20% glucose solution performed in vivo in rats were analyzed through a histology evaluation. ResultsPneumatic injections of a hypertonic glucose solution generated PIT zones in the subcutaneous fat and superficial temporal fascia layers (10 out of 10 hemifaces), superficial layer of the deep temporal fascia (DTF; 8 out of 10 hemifaces), and deep layer of the DTF (7 out of 10 hemifaces). In addition, distinctive PIT zones were generated in rat tissues from the upper papillary deep to the muscle and fascia layers. ConclusionThe data suggest that PIT-induced, jet infiltration of a 20% hypertonic glucose solution contributes to clinical improvement of skin laxity by stimulating the wound repair processes and increasing collagen production throughout multiple layers of the skin. Key words

Background and Objectives Clinicians have yet to reach a consensus on whether blood aspiration tests are reliable when administering filler injections. Better understanding of the characteristics and patterns of blood aspiration tests for filler injections is important in reducing false negative results. In this study, we sought to outline the characteristics of blood aspiration tests for different types of fillers with different gauges of needles and cannulas. Materials and Methods Four biphasic hyaluronic acid fillers and ten monophasic hyaluronic acid fillers of four brands and two collagen stimulators were tested. Aspiration tests were performed with needles and cannulas of different gauges. The time before blood was seen in the needle hub and the vacuum space patterns generated were analyzed. Results Different aspiration patterns were observed with different fillers, depending on the viscosity of the product and the sizes of the needle and cannula used. Conclusion When factors influencing aspiration are considered, including the characteristics of fillers and the size of injection tools, aspiration tests with proper maneuver can be helpful to increase injection safety.

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