Charge density waves are a common occurrence in all families of high critical temperature superconducting cuprates. Although consistently observed in the underdoped region of the phase diagram and at relatively low temperatures, it is still unclear to what extent they influence the unusual properties of these systems. Using resonant x-ray scattering we carefully determined the temperature dependence of charge density modulations in (Y,Nd)Ba2Cu3O7-δ for three doping levels. We discovered short-range dynamical charge density fluctuations besides the previously known quasi-critical charge density waves. They persist up to well above the pseudogap temperature T*, are characterized by energies of few meV and pervade a large area of the phase diagram, so that they can play a key role in shaping the peculiar normal-state properties of cuprates.Main text: High-Tc superconductors (HTS) are doped Mott insulators, where the quasi-twodimensionality of the layered structure and the large electron-electron repulsion (responsible, e.g., for the robust short-range antiferromagnetic correlations) make them deviating from the Landau Fermi liquid paradigm. The doping-temperature (p-T) phase diagram encompasses, at low T, the antiferromagnetic and the superconducting orders and, at higher T, the pseudogap region, which marks, below the cross-over temperature T*, a reduction of the quasiparticle density of states in some sections of the Fermi surface. In the pseudogap state and up to optimal doping p0.17, short/medium range incommensurate charge density waves (CDW) emerge as an order weakly competing with superconductivity.CDW were proposed theoretically since the early times of the high temperature superconductivity age (1,2,3); experimental evidence by surface and bulk sensitive techniques came initially in selected materials (4,5,6,7), and later in all cuprate families (8,9,10,11,12). Moreover long-range tridimensional CDW (3D-CDW) order has been observed inside the superconductive dome (for p0.08-0.17) in special circumstances, e.g. in high magnetic fields that weaken superconductivity or in epitaxially grown samples (13,14,15). Finally, it has come as a surprise the recent observation of CDW modulations in overdoped (Bi,Pb)2.12Sr1.88CuO6+δ outside the pseudogap regime too (16), hinting at a wider than expected occurrence of this phenomenon.

Technological transformations are currently reshaping the structure and strategies of public administrations and are expected to foster efficiency and policy integration. However, the literature on digital government has demonstrated that the introduction of technology is far from a smooth process, as it is often associated with conflict and negative feedback. This paper departs from James Thompson’s notion of technology, understood as one of the most effective devices for organizational integration to conceptualise the context of digital innovations in the public sphere. ICTs are not all the same; they differ in their impact on intra- and inter-organizational interdependencies that are required for them to work properly in their domain. This paper introduces a typology of ICT-driven governance structures and advances hypotheses regarding the causal mechanisms underpinning successful implementation. Each type of governance structure is exemplified by an original case study of a programme of e-government reform in the Italian public sector. The empirical evidence is used to explore some implications concerning the strategies by which the programmes have been implemented and their transferability to other contexts.

The paper builds on the case of the design and implementation of the National Information System for School Buildings in Italy. The project is one of digitalization of the public sector and involve several layers of territorial governments (the State Department for Education, Regional and local governments) and ICT experts, and is becoming a tool for policy making in the field. Nonetheless, the programme was initially designed with a top-down approach immediately stuck. Its effective implementation only took place some years later by downsizing policy design and allowing Regions to implement those digital solutions which, in the meanwhile, had been designed and implemented from the bottom-up. The paper draws from the case study theoretical considerations about the importance of where policy learning happens and the strategies that policy makers may adopt in case of policy failure in order to re-establish the conditions for effectiveness. Response to Reviewers: Letter to the Editor Dear Editor, We are glad for the opportunity we have to resubmit our paper. We are aware that we received major remarks and by consequence we deeply restructured the paper, in particular concerning the theoretical section and its connections with the empirics. These is a summary of the main changes we made and that are highlighted in bold throughout the main file: Major points. 1.Section 2 has been unfolded in two new section. New section 2 has been completely rewritten and now explicitly focus the theoretical argument of our paper, which addresses the issues of the loci of policy learning. New section 3, instead provide a succinct review of the literature on the implementation of e-government solutions. 2.Section 4 (previously section 3) discusses more in detail the methodological standpoint, explaining the case selection and the unit of analysis (the implementation

Public policy scholars have recently focused on the mechanisms accounting for the sustainability of major policy changes. Among the strategies by which policy entrepreneurs may try to avoid future backlash institutionalization is certainly one of the most used. Yet, it can foster ossification and eventually jeopardize policy effectiveness. Such a potential trade-off between institutionalization and long-term effectiveness is particularly intense in policies concerning technological innovation because the necessity to create winning coalitions can undermine the required absorption capacity needed by government to engage the innovation ecosystems. This paper explores such a trade-off with a case study on the Italian policy for public sector's digital transformation. The case is theoretically promising because over three decades institutionalization has always represented the main overall strategy adopted by policymaker, but only the 2016 initiative emerged as a "success." In this sense, the case study can focus on the mechanisms activated by policy entrepreneurs to trigger and entrench change.

The public sector performance management (PM) literature is particularly rich as this topic is one of the most appealing for public sector scholars (Pollitt, J Public Adm Res Theory 6:25-44, 2005). However, organizational performance (OP) has been neglected across the world (Andrews et al. J Public Adm Res Theory 21:i301-i319, 2011) as well as in the Italian public administration (Martin and Spano, Public Money Manag 35:303-310, 2015). This chapter investigates how OP is defined, measured, and evaluated in the Italian health care sector. Our analysis showed the limited use of performance management in Italian public health organizations and a high variability in the way OP is defined and measured. This makes it difficult to compare the results of different organizations. For this reason, future standardization could allow policy makers to improve the accountability.Keywords Organizational performance Á Health care Á Italian public sector IntroductionThe issue of OP is of particular relevance in the healthcare sector, where the impact of health organizations on individuals' lives is significant and measures of OP are required to understand the extent to which these organizations are effective. Even though significant progress has been made in building more advanced performance measurement systems in the health care sector, more work is needed (Smith et al. 2008). In fact, the literature on performance management in the health care sector reports several cases of incorrect uses and, even misuses of performance measures and targets with the introduction of a kind of "governance by targets" and a Traditionally, performance in health care has been measured using specific indicators such as incidence of pathology, mortality measures, and measures of mortality after a specific treatment. Other measures are increasingly attractive, including those that focus on patient health status, which are often in the form of outcome measures (Smith et al. 2008). However, there is a limited "understanding of how performance measurement can be organized to support improvement initiatives in health care practices" (Elg et al. 2013).In the Italian public sector, the role of OP has been largely neglected, and more importance has been given to individual performance (Martin and Spano 2015). As far as the healthcare sector is concerned, OP is attracting increased attention in Italy, but there is still a lack of extensive research on this topic. For example, there is a high variation in the way OP is defined and, consequently, measured. In particular, a comprehensive analysis of the current OP practices as measured by Italian health care organizations is still missing. For this reason, our research aims at addressing the following research questions (RQs):RQ1: How do Italian health care organizations define OP? RQ2: Is OP measured by Italian health care organizations, and if so, how?This chapter is organized into six sections: (1) literature review on OP with specific reference to the health care sector; (2) the Italian health ...