The following article reviews the trade policies and practices of Georgia as well as Georgia-WTO relationship. The authors focus on Georgia's recent economic performance, including Association Agreement (AA) with the European Union that contributed powerfully to stabilising Georgia's trade legislation and reinforcing domestic economic reform. The Association Agreement between Georgia and the European Union and its member States aims at Georgia's gradual economic integration into the EU Internal Market, through the establishment of the DCFTA, which should provide for far-reaching market access based on sustained and regulatory approximation. The study reveals the importance of the World Trade Organization, main trade agreements and arrangements with Georgia as a developing country. It demonstrates that effective trade stabilization in the WTO can be achieved by the implementation of specific WTO's regulations on trade, economic and legal spheres. One of the reasons for the special success of the WTO is systemic exceptions for developed countries and states with special needs (country like Georgia) that contributes to the development of international trade through progressive liberalization and the comparative advantage of the states when carrying out trade. The example of Georgia shows very well that so far the country has not been able to actively apply all the advantages that can be used within the framework of international or regional organizations, at least for the simple reason that the country does not possess the appropriate infrastructure for bringing innovative products to foreign markets, and thus accumulate more economic wealth. This case study evidences and confirms that while the accession process to the WTO is challenging per se, it is part of a process of domestic reforms that triggers growth and economic benefits.

The following article focuses on the history of trade relations between Georgia and Russia that in the Author’s view eventually developed into the “trade war”. Enrolment of Russia into the WTO enabled subjection of Russia to the WTO regulations. Georgia, as a full member of the WTO, rather legitimately refused to allow Russia to join the organisation until Moscow would fulfil Tbilisi’s claims. One of the demands of the Georgian side was directly related to the separatist conflicts in Abkhazia and South Ossetia, which further complicated the negotiations due to the destructive actions of Russia. There are difficult issues connected to the Georgian position from the global trade perspective. The position deals with the legally political difficulties. The article provides insight into the problem regarding the Trade War from the Georgia perspective. Gruzijas un Krievijas sarunām par iestāšanos Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijā ir sena vēsture. Gruzijas nostāju par Krievijas pievienošanos Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijai vienmēr ir noteikusi abu valstu politiski tiesiskā situācija. Gandrīz 18 gadus bija vērojama Krievijas ietekme attiecībā uz Gruzijas dalību attiecīgajā organizācijā. Jāatzīmē, ka Gruzija kā pilntiesīga Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijas dalībvalsts pilnīgi likumīgi pieņēma lēmumu atteikt Krievijas dalību tajā, vienlaikus lūdzot izpildīt Gruzijas prasības. Jāpiezīmē, ka viena no Gruzijas puses prasībām bija tieši saistīta ar separātiskajiem konfliktiem Abhāzijā un Dienvidosetijā, kas vēl vairāk sarežģīja sarunas Krievijas darbības dēļ. Sarunas par Krievijas pievienošanos Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijai sākās 2002. gadā, un pārrunu laikā tika vērotas vairākas politiski tiesiska rakstura darbības, kas ietekmēja turpmāko attiecību scenāriju. Veiktais pētījums norāda uz to, ka gadījumā, ja Gruzija atver tirdzniecības koridorus, pamatojoties uz Krievijas un Gruzijas 2011. gada nolīgumu, tad valsts vispirms ievēro savas intereses. Šajā procesā ir svarīgs aktīvs Gruzijas un tās sabiedroto, tostarp Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijas, Eiropas Savienības un Apvienoto Nāciju Organizācijas, atbalsts. Jāatzīmē, ka Gruzijas noteiktā embargo atcelšanu Krievijai noteica 2011. gadā parakstītais nolīgums, uz kura pamata Gruzija piekrita Krievijas uzņemšanai organizācijā. Krievijas pievienošanās Pasaules Tirdzniecības organizācijai nozīmēja pārvērst valsti par civilizētu sistēmu un automātiski ieviest noteikumus, kas uzliek Krievijai pienākumu ievērot vispārējo vienošanos par tarifiem un tirdzniecību.

The authors examine migration as one of the urgent problems of the modern global world. The phenomenon of migration has been indispensable for human history, culture, and civilizations, the causes of which have always existed and still exist. All sorts of wars, confrontations/conflicts turn a group of society into refugees and push them to migrate from the source of conflict to neighboring or distant countries. Also, the underlying causes, such as social, political, economic, and other factors, which are inherent of the domestic and foreign policy of any country, are considered as an important aspect. The chapter also reviews the migration profile of Georgia and Ukraine. Particular attention is paid to migration as a result of conflicts/ethnic conflicts instigated by Russia, Russian occupation, as well as other migration inducing factors. It is concluded that the migration policy solves not only the problems of migration, but also the tasks of economic development, respect for human rights, etc.

This study investigates the effects of the interaction between labor standards and human rights that has become a key issue in the World Trade organization. Policy makers gradually developed new rules to achieve both trade and human rights objectives. England signed treaties with the U.S., Portugal, Denmark and Sweden to ban trade in slaves ect. The trade labour linkage has a long history. It has become one of the most contentious contemporary issues in trade and labour policy circles and debates.

The following article reviews the trade policies and practices of Georgia as well as Georgia-WTO relationship. The authors focus on Georgia's recent economic performance, including Association Agreement (AA) with the European Union that contributed powerfully to stabilising Georgia's trade legislation and reinforcing domestic economic reform. The Association Agreement between Georgia and the European Union and its member States aims at Georgia's gradual economic integration into the EU Internal Market, through the establishment of the DCFTA, which should provide for far-reaching market access based on sustained and regulatory approximation. The study reveals the importance of the World Trade Organization, main trade agreements and arrangements with Georgia as a developing country. It demonstrates that effective trade stabilization in the WTO can be achieved by the implementation of specific WTO's regulations on trade, economic and legal spheres. One of the reasons for the special success of the WTO is systemic exceptions for developed countries and states with special needs (country like Georgia) that contributes to the development of international trade through progressive liberalization and the comparative advantage of the states when carrying out trade. The example of Georgia shows very well that so far the country has not been able to actively apply all the advantages that can be used within the framework of international or regional organizations, at least for the simple reason that the country does not possess the appropriate infrastructure for bringing innovative products to foreign markets, and thus accumulate more economic wealth. This case study evidences and confirms that while the accession process to the WTO is challenging per se, it is part of a process of domestic reforms that triggers growth and economic benefits.