Although the majority of women participating in this study exhibited knowledge about early breastfeeding initiation, actual application of this practice was clearly deficient. In order to improve the rates of breastfeeding initiation within the first hour of life we should enhance vaginal delivery and prenatal classes and implement Baby-Friendly Hospital Initiative policies in both the Pediatrics and Gynecology and Obstetrics Departments of Minia University Hospital.

Background: In IDDM, diabetic nephropathy is the major life threatening complication, including microalbuminuria and steady decline in glomerular filtration rate (GFR), which ultimately leads to ESRD. Objectives: Our study aimed to evaluate the relation between high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) and microalbuminuria in insulin dependent DM in children for early detection of diabetic nephropathy in these patients. Methods: Fifty diabetic patients with normoalbuminuria and 50 with microalbuminuria were included in the study. Patients with primary renal disease, cardiovascular disease, infections and those receiving NSAID or gentamycin were excluded from the study. Patients were subjected to complete urine analysis, albumin/' creatinine ratio, complete blood picture, renal function tests (blood urea nitrogen and serum creatinine), HbAIC, lipid profile (serum cholesterol, HDL, LDL and serum triglycerides), high sensitivity CRP using assay. Results: A significantly higher hsCRP was found in the microalbuminuric group than the normoalbuminuric group with significant positive correlations between microalbuminuria and hsCRP, НЬАlc, and duration of diabetes. Conclusions: high level of hsCRP in microalbuminuric patients is an early indicator of glornerular damage. Children and adolescents with IDDM should undergo annual monitoring for microalbuminuria and hsCRP, markers for identifying an individual at risk of diabetic nephropathy.

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Background: Polymorphisms of genes encoding the pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines can affect the clinical presentation of the infection. We aimed to assess the role of EGF gene single-nucleotide polymorphism in the outcome of chronic hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection in children. Methods: One hundred HBV-infected children and 75 healthy matched controls were enrolled in this prospective study. Patients included 18 chronic inactive and 82 chronic active carriers. EGF rs4444903 A>G genotypes were determined using allele-specific amplification. Results: Significant differences regarding EGF genotypic frequency (p=0.001) in patients compared to controls (p=0.001). Eighteen percent were inactive, and 82% were active carriers. AA, AG and GG genotypic frequency were 66.7%, 33.3%, 0% and were 3.7%, 37.8% and 58.5% in the inactive and active carriers, respectively, with significant differences regarding AA, AG, GG genotypic frequency (p=0.001 for all). EGF AA, AG, GG genotypes frequency were 1.9%, 33.3%, and 64.8%, respectively, with significant differences between cirrhotic and non-cirrhotic patients regarding AA, AG, GG genotypic frequency (p=0.001 for all). Conclusion: Increased G allele frequency in EGF rs4444903 A > G polymorphism in HBV- Egyptian children is associated with worse outcomes.