A switchable-hydrophilicity solvent system, consisting of a fatty acid-based natural deep eutectic solvent (NaDES), complemented by a bio-friendly dilute amine solution, has been introduced and used for extractions from microalgal biomass.

A Switchable-Hydrophilicity Solvent has been used for maximal extraction of microalgal hydrophobic and hydrophilic molecules using both solvent's opposite-hydrophilicity states.

It has been suggested that the energy-efficient production of microalgae biomass can be more easily obtained in short light path photobioreactors that can be operated at high biomass concentration. On the downside, however, high biomass concentrations also require an efficient gas exchange rate to avoid metabolic growth limitation or inhibition. A cascade photobioreactor featuring a thin liquid layer flowing down a sloping, wavy-bottomed surface can be operated at a biomass concentration that is much higher compared to most usual open-type equipment. Liquid flow, upon investigation, proved to exhibit peculiar “local recirculation” hydrodynamics, potentially conducive to the mixing of superficial and deep zones of the photobioreactor. Mass transfer coefficient represents a useful parameter to optimize the performance of a microalgal photobioreactor and its scale-up. The aim of the present article is to discuss the experimental mass transfer features of this novel type of photobioreactor and highlight expected opportunities and issues entailed by different ways of installing and operating such novel types of photobioreactors.