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The high temperature processing of porcelain stoneware products is attractive for the possibility to incorporate several inorganic wastes. However, even if recycling is an environmental benefit, it can be disadvantageous for the overall properties of the ceramic product, if wastes are not selected in terms of their chemical and physical characteristics. In the present work several kind of industrial and urban wastes, such as mining residues, lime, glass from dismantled cathode ray tubes and soda lime glass were used, after their vitrification. These newly formed glasses were used as partial substitution for natural feldspar sands (the glass content being from 5 to 7 wt-% of the total mix). Owing to the specific ('tailored') chemical formulation of the newly formed glasses, the modified products exhibited higher crystallisation, with a more homogeneous microstructure, leading to significant improvements in reliability and indentation fracture toughness.

Articles you may be interested inComposition, microstructures, and magnetic properties of Bi-modified NiCuZn-ferrite for low temperature Co-fired ceramic application J. Appl. Phys. 115, 17A524 (2014); 10.1063/1.4867595Effects of time and temperature of firing on Fe-rich ceramics studied by Mössbauer spectroscopy and twodimensional 1H-nuclear magnetic resonance relaxometry Nuclear magnetic resonance ͑NMR͒ relaxation and imaging are shown to give information on the changes of the pore space structure in ceramics during the sintering process. On a set of ceramic samples held at fixed maximum firing temperature of 1280°C for different lengths of time, called ''soaking times'' in the ceramics industry, NMR methods were applied to quantify pore space properties such as connected porosity and pore size distributions. The longer the soaking time the lower the connected porosity, but no corresponding general statement can be made with regard to the pore size distribution. The homogeneous distribution of pores where the porosity is 17% for minimal soaking times becomes heterogeneous and with bigger pores but with porosity only about 5% after 10 min of soaking time. The results obtained are combined with those from traditional techniques such as scanning electron microscopy ͑SEM͒ and mercury intrusion porosimetry ͑MIP͒. The measured connected porosities and SEM analysis are in agreement with the NMR results. The ''pore size'' distributions obtained by magnetic resonance relaxation and MIP differ substantially and give complementary information, because in relaxation measurements ''size'' tends to correspond to pore dimensions, while in MIP ''size'' corresponds to the dimensions of the pore ''throats,'' the channels connecting the pores. The discrepancy between pore and pore-channel size increases with the soaking time and makes it clear that a higher level of sintering allows the formation of larger pores connected by smaller channels. For the longest soaking time sample, the SEM photos and the lack of a NMR signal make it clear that there is substantial isolated porosity and essentially no connected porosity.