In every CKD stage, the risk of CO/DY increased significantly. Low Hb levels (Hb <11 g/dl) and increased serum PTH levels were associated with CO/DY while DM plays also a significant role in cognitive function deterioration. Among hypertensive subjects, those with PP ≤60 mmHg or receiving CCBs showed a better executive function.

Background: Posterior reversible encephalopathy syndrome (PRES) is a clinico-radiologic entity characterized by headache, visual disturbances, seizures, and the presence of edema on MRI scan, predominantly in the posterior white matter. Regarding end-stage renal disease (ESRD) and PRES, only a few cases of children on peritoneal dialysis (PD) and adults on hemodialysis have been described in the literature. Cases: We report 4 cases of adult patients on PD who presented with PRES, all of which were due to hypertension and inadequate management of fluid balance. The patients expressed typical PRES symptoms such as headache, visual disorders, and tonic/clonic seizures. The patients recovered completely and the MRI lesions disappeared after strict control of volume status. Conclusion: Nephrologists should be aware of the syndrome, especially when they manage hypertensive ESRD patients not compliant with the fluid and diet restrictions. MRI scan is the only diagnostic tool for defining the syndrome. Early diagnosis is important, since complete remission is achieved after appropriate treatment.

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