SummaryActive brassinosteroids (BRs), such as brassinolide (BL) and castasterone (CS), are growth-promoting plant hormones. An Arabidopsis cytochrome P450 monooxygenase (CYP734A1, formerly CYP72B1), encoded by the BAS1 gene, inactivates BRs and modulates photomorphogenesis. BAS1 was identified as the overexpressed gene responsible for a dominant, BR-deficient mutant, bas1-D. This mutant was isolated in an activationtagged screen designed to identify redundant genes that might not be identified in classic loss-of-function screens. Here we report the isolation of a second activation-tagged mutant with a BR-deficient phenotype. The mutant phenotype is caused by the overexpression of SOB7 (CYP72C1), a homolog of BAS1. We generated single and double null-mutants of BAS1 and SOB7 to test the hypothesis that these two genes act redundantly to modulate photomorphogenesis. BAS1 and SOB7 act redundantly with respect to light promotion of cotyledon expansion, repression of hypocotyl elongation and flowering time in addition to other phenotypes not regulated by light. We also provide biochemical evidence to suggest that BAS1 and SOB7 act redundantly to reduce the level of active BRs, but have unique mechanisms. Overexpression of SOB7 results in a dramatic reduction in endogenous CS levels, and although single null-mutants of BAS1 and SOB7 have the same level of CS as the wild type, the double null-mutant has twice the amount. Application of BL to overexpression lines of BAS1 or SOB7 results in enhanced metabolism of BL, though only BAS1 overexpression lines confer enhanced conversion to 26-OHBL, suggesting that SOB7 and BAS1 convert BL and CS into unique products.

The field of rehabilitation and assistive technology has witnessed various approaches and changes in the course of its evolution. Traditional materials like wood or heavy metals have been replaced by resins and plastics. The need to deliver assistive devices has quickly resulted in the creation of new technologies like 3D printing and digital transformation, internet of things IoT. This article addresses the development of applying digital transformation and 3D printing techniques to produce socket designs for weight bearing transtibial prosthetic system. It also focus on efficacy of the load-bearing transtibial sockets, design philosophies involved, materials used and the forthcoming challenges. This initiative involves experienced clinical prosthetists, product designers, digital modelers and additive manufacturing engineers working toward this application.

No abstract

No abstract