Abstrak Kanker rongga mulut adalah neoplasma ganas yang menyerang rongga mulut dan penyebab kematian tertinggi.Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) merupakan bahan alam yang memiliki efek antikanker. Sel kanker KB CCL-17adalah model kanker yang berasal dari epidermal karsinoma mulut. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahuipengaruh aktivitas sitotoksik setelah pemberian ekstrak etanol jamur G. lucidum dan Cisplatin pada kultur selkanker rongga mulut KB CCL-17. Evaluasi sitotoksik dengan Methyl Thiazolyl Tetrazolium (MTT) assay padakultur sel rongga mulut KB CCL-17 yang dibagi menjadi 20 kelompok yaitu 10 kelompok kontrol (M: media, K:tidak diberi perlakuan, C: diberi Cisplatin dengan konsentrasi 250; 150; 62,5; 31,25; 15,6; 7,8; 3,9; dan 1,95μg/mL), 10 kelompok perlakuan (KP: diberi ekstrak etanol G. lucidum konsentrasi 1.000; 500; 250; 125; 62,5;31,25; 15,6; 7,8; 3,9; dan 1,95 μg/mL). Aktivitas sitotoksik diukur berdasarkan nilai inhibitory concentration 50%(IC50). Ekstrak etanol jamur G. lucidum memiliki aktivitas sitotoksik sel kanker rongga mulut KB CCL-17 yaitunilai IC50 sebesar 8,49 μg/mL. IC50 Cisplatin terhadap sel kanker rongga mulut KB CCL-17 sebesar 11,55 μg/mL.Terdapat pengaruh aktivitas sitotoksik setelah pemberian ekstrak etanol G. lucidum dan pemberian Cisplatin padakultur sel kanker rongga mulut KB CCL-17. Kata kunci: Ganoderma lucidum, IC50, kanker rongga mulut, sel KB CCL-17, sitotoksik Abstract Oral cancer is a malignant neoplasm that attacks the oral cavity and has the highest cause of death. Ganodermalucidum (G. lucidum) is a natural material that has anticancer effects. KB CCL-17 cancer cell is a model of canceroriginating from epidermal oral carcinoma. The aim of this study to determine the cytotoxic effect afteradministration of ethanol extract of G. lucidum and Cisplatin on KB CCL-17 oral cancer cell culture. G. lucidumethanol extract was obtained by maceration method using 96% ethanol solvent. Cytotoxic evaluation with methylthiazolyl tetrazolium (MTT) assay was performed on KB CCL-17 oral mucous cell cultures divided into 20 groups.Ten control groups (M: media, K: not treated, C: given Cisplatin concentrations of 250;150;62.5;31.25;15.6;7.8;3.9;1.95 μg/mL), 10 treatment groups (KP: given ethanol extract G. lucidum concentrations of 1,000;500;250;125;62.5;31.25;15.6;7.8;3.9;1.95 μg/mL). The cytotoxic effect was measured based on inhibitoryconcentration 50% (IC50) values. The IC50 of ethanol extract of G. lucidum on KB CCL-17 oral cancer cell is 8.49μg/mL and IC50 Cisplatin against oral cancer cells KB CCL-17 is 11.55 μg/mL. There is an effect of cytotoxicactivity of the ethanol extract of G. lucidum and Cisplatin in oral cancer cell cultures of KB CCL-17. Keywords: cytotoxic, Ganoderma lucidum, IC50, KB CCL-17 cells, oral cancer

ABSTRAK Kanker rongga mulut/karsinoma sel skuamosa rongga mulut (OSCC) yang berasal dari epitel rongga mulut bersifat invasif dan bermetastasis. Salah satu protein yang berperan dalam menjaga adhesi sel dalam pembentukan kanker adalah E-cadherin. E-cadherin memiliki peran penting dalam embriogenesis, bertindak sebagai molekul penekan tumor invasif. Pengobatan yang dilakukan terhadap kanker yang invasif dan bermetastasis adalah kemoterapi dan radioterapi, tetapi pengobatan ini memiliki efek samping yang tidak diinginkan. Untuk itu diperlukan pengobatan alternatif, seperti pengobatan menggunakan bahan-bahan alami. Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) diyakini dapat meningkatkan ekspresi E-cadherin sebagai anti kanker alami dan memiliki kemampuan sitotoksik dan anti-angiogenik, menginduksi apoptosis, merangsang respon imun dengan meningkatkan level limfosit CD3, CD4, dan CD8, dan merupakan antioksidan. Tujuan penelitian ini adalah mengetahui ekspresi E-cadherin pada kultur OSCC (KB CCL-17) yang diberikan ekstrak etanolik isolat G. lucidum Cianjur. Penelitian ini merupakan penelitian eksperimen dengan desain post-test only dan kelompok kontrol. Kelompok perlakuan menggunakan ekstrak etanol G. lucidum dengan konsentrasi 2,12 µg/mL (P1), 4,24 µg/mL (P2), dan 8,49 µg/mL (P3). Kelompok kontrol positif menggunakan Cisplatin dengan konsentrasi 11,5 µg/mL (K1) dan kelompok kontrol negatif menggunakan akuades (K0). Ekspresi E-cadherin diamati dengan pemeriksaan imunohistokimia. Laju ekspansi E-cadherin tertinggi pada kelompok perlakuan dengan konsentrasi ekstrak etanol G. lucidum 8,49 g/mL. Uji one-way ANOVA menunjukkan perbedaan yang nyata (p<0,05) antara K0 dan P2, K0 dengan P3, K1 dengan P2, K1 dengan P3, P1 dengan P2, P1 dan P3. Ekspresi E-cadherin pada kultur karsinoma sel skuamosa (KB-CCL-17) dapat dipengaruhi oleh ekstrak etanol isolat G. lucidum Cianjur pada konsentrasi 2,12 g/mL, 4,24 g/mL, dan 8,49 g/mL.   Kata kunci: E-cadherin, Ganoderma lucidum, KB CCL-17   ABSTRACT Oral cancer/oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) originating from the oral epithelium is invasive and metastasized. One protein that plays a role in maintaining cell adhesion in cancer formation is E-cadherin. E-cadherin has an important role in embryogenesis, acting as a tumor invasive suppressor molecule. Treatment committed against invasive and metastatic cancer is chemotherapy and radiotherapy, but these treatments have undesired side effects. Therefore, an alternative treatment is desperately needed, such as that using natural materials. Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) is believed to increase E-cadherin expression as a natural anti-cancer and has the cytotoxic and anti-angiogenic ability, induces apoptosis, stimulates the immune response by increasing the level of CD3, CD4, and CD8 lymphocytes, and is an antioxidant. The study aimed to determine the expression of E-cadherin in OSCC culture (KB CCL-17) treated by an ethanolic extract from Cianjur isolate of G. lucidum. This study was an experimental study with a post-test only with a control group design. The treatment group used ethanol extract of G. lucidum at a concentration of 2.12 µg/mL (P1), 4.24 µg/mL (P2), and 8.49 µg/mL (P3), respectively. The positive control group used Cisplatin with a concentration of 11.5 μg/mL (K1) and the negative control group used aqua dest (K0). E-cadherin expression was observed by immunohistochemical examination. The highest e-cadherin expansion rate was in the treatment group with the concentration of ethanol extract of G. lucidum 8.49 µg/mL. One-way ANOVA test showed a significant difference (p <0.05) between K0 and P2, K0 with P3, K1 with P2, K1 with P3, P1 with P2, P1, and P3. E-cadherin expression in squamous cell carcinoma culture (KB-CCL-17) can be affected by ethanol extract from Cianjur isolate of G. lucidum at a concentration of 2.12 µg/mL, 4.24 µg/mL, and 8.49 µg/mL.   Keywords: E-cadherin, Ganoderma lucidum, KB CCL-17

Intercellular adhesion plays a role in cancer formation and protein has a key potential in maintaining cell adhesion, including syndecan-1. Meanwhile, oral cancer originates from the oral epithelium, which has an invasive and metastatic level. Its treatments involving chemotherapy and radiotherapy commonly leave unfavorable side effects, hence, suitable alternatives are needed. Natural ingredients are widely used as an alternative treatment for cancer, for example, Ganoderma lucidum (G. lucidum) which has anti-cancer and anti-angiogenic properties, induces apoptosis, stimulates an immune response, inhibits the degradation of Extracellular matrix (ECM), reduces inflammation, affects cell cycles, cytotoxic, and acts as an antioxidant.This study aims to determine the effect of ethanol extract from Ganoderma lucidum Cianjur isolate on syndecan-1 expression in KB CCL-17 oral cell cancer. This was an experimental study with a post-test only control group design, the treatment group used G. lucidum ethanol extract with a concentration of 2.12 μg/ml (P1), 4.24 μg/ml (P2), and 8.49 μg/ml (P3), while the positive control group used cisplatin with a concentration of 11.5 μg/ml (K1). In contrast, the negative control used aquadest (K0), while syndecan-1 expression was observed using the immunohistochemical examination.The highest syndecan-1 expansion rate was found in the treatment group with a concentration of 8.49 μg/ml. A significant difference was indicated by one-way ANOVA (p<0.05) between K0 - K1, K0 - P1, K0 - P2, K0 - P3, K1 - P1, K1 - P2, K1 - P3, P1 - P2, as well as P1 and P3. The administration of ethanol extract from G. lucidum Cianjur isolate increases syndecan-1 expression in KB CCL-17 oral cell cancer.

Introduction: Oral cancer is often associated with various factors, such as betel nut consumption, which usually causes specific premalignant lesions. The most common oral cancer is oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) which has a low 5-year survivor rate because early detection of the malignancies is not widely used and not routinely carried out in dental practice. Early detection of malignancy can be done by measuring the salivary Ki-67 level and micronucleus assay from the buccal smear. Aims and Objectives: The study aimed to examine the potency of the salivary Ki-67 level and micronucleus assay for early detection of OSCC in betel nut chewers. Materials and Methods: This study was conducted in 17 betel nut chewers and 17 healthy people as a control group. Saliva was collected with the passive drooling technique and then analyzed using Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Buccal smears were taken, then a cytological slide was made and stained using Papanicolaou. Settings and Design: This study was a cross-sectional analytic survey that was conducted in the Banyumas District of Indonesia with a post-test- only control group design. Statistical Analysis: The statistical analysis used is a non-parametric test using Mann–Whitney and Kruskal–Wallis tests. Results: There was a significant difference between the Ki-67 level and micronucleus in the betel nut chewers group and the control group. There was a significant difference between Ki-67 and micronucleus levels in the various types of oral lesions that were found in the betel nut chewer's group. Conclusion: Examination of Ki-67 and micronucleus assay is effective as an alternative early biomarker for OSCC.

Hyperuricemia is a condition where uric acid levels in the body exceed normal limits due to an increase in excessive purine synthesis in the body due to unhealthy eating patterns, the process of excreting uric acid from the body is disrupted or a combination of both. Black garlic contains s-allyl cysteine ​​(SAC), tetrahydro-β-carbolines, alkaloids, and flavonoids which are thought to inhibit the action of the xanthine oxidase enzyme so that it can reduce uric acid. The short-term aim of this study was to determine the effect of black garlic on uric acid levels in hyperuricemic white rats. The long-term goal to be achieved is the use of black garlic to prevent and or overcome the negative effects of hyperuricemia. Rats were grouped into five groups: positive control (A), allopurinol group (B), garlic group at doses of 240 mg (C), 480 mg (D) and 960 mg (E). Induction of hyperuricemia was carried out by injection of potassium oxonate and addition of cow brains for 14 days, followed by treatment. The average yield of uric acid in each group was A: 15.02 ± 0.71, B: 6.45 ± 0.13, C: 8.46 ± 0.12, D: 7.64 ± 0.14, E: 7.55 ± 0.55. Data were analyzed using One Way ANOVA followed by Post Hoc LSD. In conclusion, by giving various doses of black garlic can reduce uric acid levels in hyperuricemia rats.