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We examined the role of prejudice-reduction theories in anti-racism initiatives, by identifying, gathering, and analyzing anti-racism campaigns from a variety of English-language websites. Our review revealed many anti-racism initiatives running in the United Kingdom and a smaller number of initiatives running in Canada, the United States, Australia, and other countries. We provide a description of the key themes and messages being used in anti-racism initiatives, including a variety of components such as TV and radio public service announcements, print materials, social events, competitions, awards, and help-services. We also discuss how the components of the initiatives correspond with Duckitt's (2001) multi-level framework for prejudice reduction, operating on four causal levels: (1) perceptual-cognitive, (2) individual, (3) interpersonal, and (4) societal-intergroup. Recommendations for enhancing future anti-racism initiatives are provided.

Up to one-third of domestic violence incidents involve witnesses. Bystanders play a significant role when it comes to reporting the incidents to authorities, but are often hesitant to get involved in domestic disputes. In this review paper, 11 social marketing campaigns that encourage bystander intervention against domestic violence are evaluated in relation to Latané and Darley's (1970) model of the bystander decision making process. The evaluation shows that these social marketing campaigns are sometimes contradictory or ambiguous, which may limit their effectiveness.References Available Upon Request 810

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