The growth of nonprofit organizations (NPOs) and nongovernmental organizations (NGOs) around the world has been accompanied by a concomitant growth in the number of education and training programs developed to provide management training to the leaders of these organizations. This article reports on the current configuration of international academic programs in nonprofit and philanthropic studies in Africa, Asia, the Pacific, Europe, and the Americas (apart from the United States), describing the various forms of education and training programs from country to country and continent to continent. The authors examine the similarities and differences in nonprofit management education programs in different parts of the world, seeking to explain why education programs have a range of forms indifferent parts of the world, according to different historical, institutional, and cultural contexts, thus furthering understanding of the asymmetries and complexities of existing NPO and NGO education and training programs.
Le développement des écoles de gestion en France, et notamment de celles qui se sont inspirées des programmes MBA, a souvent été perçu comme l’effet d’une simple imitation des modèles américains. Cet article analyse le rôle joué par les grandes fondations américaines (Rockefeller, XXth Century Fund et surtout Ford) et fait apparaître que le tableau fut beaucoup plus complexe. Ce qui caractérisa les trois tournants de la longue gestation des écoles de gestion en France, ce fut plutôt un processus de fertilisation croisée où les acteurs (hommes d’action, consultants, grands commis) furent, avec leurs initiatives et leur capacité de traduction, les vecteurs d’un processus d’appropriation créative. Ce processus eut des répercussions dans l’espace de la concurrence entre les institutions françaises (écoles de gestion, universités) ainsi que dans l’espace de la concurrence internationale. Il apparaît que les fondations américaines ont été en France un vecteur de dynamisme plutôt que d’influence directe ou de domination lors des trois tournants qui sont marqués par de profondes différences historiques.
The paper analyses the role of American foundations in strengthening scientific and intellectual European networks in the long period 1920s-1970s. There can be no doubt that the role played during the last century by the largest American foundations in shaping the internationalisation scientific and cultural policies, has been not only an historical linkage but also a framework in building new strategies in the field o international philanthropy. Despite the fact that European programs represent a relatively small part of American Foundations'' total amount of grants ail over the world, their impact was crucial particularly during specific historical conjunctures, the inter-war period and the period of the cold war.
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