The formation and characterization of poly(itaconic acid)/N-methylol acrylamide/poly(ethylene glycol) (PIA/NMA/PEG) complexes through in situ polymerization of itaconic acid on poly(ethylene glycol) was investigated. FTIR indicated that PEG crystallization was hindered by complex formation. The decrease in the crystallinity of PEG was also observed by DSC and indicated that the mobility of some PEG segments was inhibited by the presence of the polyacid. According to the swelling experiments, complexes proved to be suitable for use as excipient in the preparation of drug delivery systems responsive to pH changing. DMA was used to estimate the crosslink densities and the results were found to be in good agreement with the swelling results. Further, the adhesion strength of the synthesized polymers was used as preliminary evaluation of their potential of mucoadhesion. The results indicated that the adhesion performance is related to the presence of NMA. Drugs which suffer degradation in stomach pH, such as proteins and enzymes are potential candidates to be included in the systems based on PIA/ NMA/PEG to pass through the stomach (pH near to 1.2-3.5). Upon reaching the initial portion of the small intestine (pH [5.5), the polymer will swell and release the active substance via diffusion and/or erosion of the matrix.
In this work, the effect of synthesizing shape memory polyurethanes in aqueous dispersions instead of in organic solvents on the structure and properties of the obtained polymers was investigated. Shape memory polyurethanes based on polycaprolactone diol and isophorone diisocyanate were synthesized by two routes: (1) aqueous dispersion (PU/SM WATER ) and (2) dissolution in THF (PU/SM THF ). The samples were analyzed by infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), static light scattering (SLS), atomic force microscopy (AFM), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA), and mechanical tests. The aqueous dispersion method led to the production of polyurethanes with a higher degree of phase separation and a higher degree of crystallinity. The morphology of the obtained polyurethanes demonstrated that PU/SM WATER displays a structure with better defined phase separated domains. The polyurethanes exhibited similar average molar masses, soft segment glass transitions (T gs ) and mechanical properties. The lower degrees of phase separation and crystallinity of the PU/SM THF led to lower values for the shape memory properties (shape recovery ratio (R r )). The observed changes in the structure of the polyurethanes due to the replacement of organic solvent by an aqueous dispersion during their syntheses confirmed the preparation of shape memory polyurethanes with enhanced shape memory properties. POLYM. ENG. SCI.,
A presença de algumas macromoléculas no sangue esta associada a fenômenos de hiperviscosidade sangüínea e hiperagregação eritrocitária, quadro freqüente em algumas patologias (Diabetes, Hipertensão Arterial,etc). Este estudo investiga a agregação eritrocitária e sedimentação em amostras de sangue suíno, humano e bovino utilizando duas técnicas experimentais. O sangue humano e o de suínos agregam naturalmente formando roleaux enquanto o sangue bovino não agrega. A microestrutura foi investigada por microscopia óptica em amostras de sangue bovino (hematócrito 40%), suíno (hematócrito 1%, 5%, 10%, 30% e 40%) e humano (hematócrito 40%) e amostras de sangue bovino (hematócrito 40%) com adição de fibrinogênio nas concentrações de 5g/l, 10g/l, 20g/l, 25g/l e 30g/l. Os ensaios no Leitor de Microplacas foram realizados para se determinar o comportamento da agregação eritrocitária e sedimentação do sangue em função do hematócrito com e sem adição de fibrinogênio (para o sangue bovino). A microscopia óptica de luz transmitida permite a caracterização das microestruturas do sangue sob diferentes condições experimentais. Com o Leitor de Microplacas é possível distinguir-se três regiões no processo: a-Região I onde ocorre a agregação eritrocitária; b-Região II onde ocorre à predominância da etapa de sedimentação dos eritrócitos; e c-Região III onde ocorre um aumento lento da absorbância ocasionado também pela sedimentação dos eritrócitos. Associando a microscopia óptica com o Leitor de Microplacas é possível criar parâmetros para quantificar o processo de agregação e sedimentação do sangue, ferramentas úteis no diagnóstico e evolução de patologias que afligem tanto seres humanos como animais.Palavras chaves: Agregação eritrocitária, fibrinogênio, adesão. ABSTRACTThe presence of some macromolecules in the blood is associated with blood hiperviscosity and hyperaggregation. We have studied erythrocyte aggregation and blood sedimentation on samples of swine, human and bovine blood. Bovine blood does not present erythrocyte aggregation while human and swine blood naturally aggregates at low shear rates and at stasis. The action of different bovine fibrinogen concentrations on the microstructure of bovine blood was analyzed and compared with swine and human blood. The phenomena were investigated using optical microscopy (to analyze blood microstructures) and Microplate Reader to measure absorbance (at a fixed wavelength, λ=655nm) versus time(s). Experiments were performed using samples of bovine blood (hematocrit 40%), swine blood (H= 1%, 5%, 10%, 30% and 40%) and human blood (H= 40%); and samples of bovine blood (H= 40%) with the addition of bovine fibrinogen at different concentrations (5g/l, 10g/l, 20g/l, 25g/l and 30g/l). Using the Microplate Reader it was possible to distinguish three regions in the process: a-The region I where the erythrocyte aggregation occurs; b-region II where the sedimentation process is predominant and c-Region III where a very slow increase indicates that the persistence of sedimentation process. The a...
A agregação eritrocitária excessiva está intimamente ligada à ocorrência de alguns processos patológicos e diretamente relacionada ao fenômeno de sedimentação eritrocitária. Neste trabalho investigamos as características cinéticas do processo de agregação e sedimentação eritrocitária. Para este estudo foram realizados ensaios de VHS (Velocidade de Hemossedimentação) com sangue suíno (hematócrito H de 20%, 25%, 30% e 35%) e absorbância em função do tempo, utilizando espectrofotometria UV-Vis, em amostras de sangue suíno (hematócrito de 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20% e 30%) e sangue humano (hematócrito de 5%, 10%, 15% e 20%). Os ensaios de VHS indicaram que a sedimentação diminui com o aumento do hematócrito (H); entretanto, nos ensaios de espectrofotometria o fenômeno não é observado. O VHS é uma técnica essencialmente macroscópica enquanto a espectrofotometria fornece informações que facilitam uma análise da microestrutura do sangue e a compreensão das etapas dos processos de agregação e sedimentação. É possível distinguir, com o UV-Vis, quatro regiões no processo: a- Região I onde ocorre a agregação eritrocitária; b- Região II onde ocorre crescimento dos agregados e termina o início da sedimentação; c- Região III onde ocorre a sedimentação da amostra; e d- Região IV, um platô que indica a parte final do processo de sedimentação.
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