Witches' broom disease, caused by the fungus Crinipellis perniciosa, can reduce cacao yields by 75% and is the main constraint for cacao cultivation in Brazil. In this chapter we review information about the biological control agent Trichoderma stromaticum, from its discovery in the Amazon basin, to its mass production and current use in the fields of Brazilian cacao farmers.
The collective impact of several environmental factors on the biocontrol activity of Trichoderma stromaticum (Ts) against Moniliophthora perniciosa (Mp), the cause of cacao witches' broom disease, was assessed under field conditions of shaded cacao (Theobroma cacao) in south-eastern Bahia, Brazil. Biocontrol experiments were performed adjacent to an automated weather station, with sensors and Ts-treated brooms placed at different canopy heights. Sporulation occurred at the same dates for all Ts isolates, but in different quantities. Broom moisture >30%, air temperature of approximately 23 ± 3°C, relative humidity >90%, solar radiation intensities <0AE12 KW m )2 and wind speed near zero were the key environmental parameters that preceded Ts sporulation events. A multiple logistic regression indicated that these weather variables combined were capable of distinguishing sporulation from non-sporulation events, with a significant effect of wind speed. Analyses of environmental factors at ground level indicated similar pre-sporulation conditions, with a soil moisture content above a threshold of 0AE34 m 3 m )3 preceding all sporulation events. The sporulation of five selected Ts isolates was compared at four different canopy heights. Isolates responded differently to weather variation in terms of sporulation and antagonism to Mp at different canopy levels, indicating that different microclimates are established along the vertical profile of a shaded cacao plantation. The potential of these findings for development of predictive mathematical models and disease-management approaches is discussed.
Fungos do gênero Trichoderma são amplamente distribuídos pelo seu hábito cosmopolita. Estes fungos vêm sendo empregados como excelentes biopesticidas de fitopatógenos nas principais culturas comerciais. A produção de enzimas que degradam a parede celular, assim como a produção de sustâncias tóxicas fazem deles ótimos inibidores do desenvolvimento de fungos fitopatogênicos. A coleta e uso de isolados próximos das lavouras constitui uma excelente estratégia de controle. Não entanto, o produtor desconhece muitas vezes como fazer este tipo de manejo sem causar prejuízo na lavoura. O nosso trabalho mostra uma estratégia de isolamento de Trichoderma no campo em áreas de soja e de cana-de-açúcar com histórico de doenças radiculares. Cuidados e manejos após a coleta do fungo também são indicados. A experiência obtida em dois locais (Mineiros – Goiás e Mamanguape – Paraíba) em condições ambientais diferentes mostra a importância desta estratégia de isolamento como ferramenta de controle on farm para os agricultores brasileiros. Diferentes produtos ou vias de multiplicação são descritas, mostrando a diversidade do manejo que pode ser estabelecido. Os resultados mostram a efetividade do método descrito como uma ferramenta que poderá auxiliar os agricultores na produção on farm desse fungo.
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