Subclinical systemic inflammation is a hallmark of obesity and insulin resistance. The results obtained from a number of experimental studies suggest that targeting different components of the inflammatory machinery may result in the improvement of the metabolic phenotype. Unsaturated fatty acids exert antiinflammatory activity through several distinct mechanisms. Here, we tested the capacity of ω3 and ω9 fatty acids, directly from their food matrix, to exert antiinflammatory activity through the G protein-coupled receptor (GPR)120 and GPR40 pathways. GPR120 was activated in liver, skeletal muscle, and adipose tissues, reverting inflammation and insulin resistance in obese mice. Part of this action was also mediated by GPR40 on muscle, as a novel mechanism described. Pair-feeding and immunoneutralization experiments reinforced the pivotal role of GPR120 as a mediator in the response to the nutrients. The improvement in insulin sensitivity in the high-fat substituted diets was associated with a marked reduction in tissue inflammation, decreased macrophage infiltration, and increased IL-10 levels. Furthermore, improved glucose homeostasis was accompanied by the reduced expression of hepatic gluconeogenic enzymes and reduced body mass. Thus, our data indicate that GPR120 and GPR40 play a critical role as mediators of the beneficial effects of dietary unsaturated fatty acids in the context of obesity-induced insulin resistance.

It has been reported that the mechanical properties and the corrosion resistance (CR) of metallic alloys depend strongly on the solidification microstructural arrangement. The correlation of corrosion behavior and mechanical properties with microstructure parameters can be very useful for planning solidification conditions in order to achieve a desired level of final properties. The aim of the present work is to investigate the influence of heat-transfer solidification variables on the microstructural array of both Al 9 wt pct Si and Zn 27 wt pct Al alloy castings and to develop correlations between the as-cast dendritic microstructure, CR, and tensile mechanical properties. Experimental results include transient metal/ mold heat-transfer coefficient (h i), secondary dendrite arm spacing (l 2), corrosion potential (E Corr), corrosion rate (i Corr), polarization resistance (R 1), capacitances values (Z CPE), ultimate tensile strength (UTS, s U), yield strength (YS, s y), and elongation. It is shown that s U decreases with increasing l 2 while the CR increases with increasing l 2 , for both alloys experimentally examined. A combined plot of CR and s U as a function of l 2 is proposed as a way to determine an optimum range of secondary dendrite arm spacing that provides good balance between both properties.

Central leptin action requires PI3K activity to modulate glucose homeostasis and peripheral metabolism. However, the mechanism behind this phenomenon is not clearly understood. We hypothesize that hypothalamic PI3K activity is important for the modulation of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK)/acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) pathway, PGC1 alpha, and AKT in skeletal muscle (SM). To address this issue, we injected leptin into the lateral ventricle of rats. Hypothalamic JAK2 and AKT were activated by intracerebroventricular (ICV) injection of leptin in a time-dependent manner. Central leptin improved tolerance to glucose (GTT), increased PGC1 alpha expression, and AKT, AMPK, ACC and JAK2 phosphorylation in the soleus muscle. Previous ICV administration of either LY294002 or propranolol (IP) blocked these effects. We concluded that the activation of the hypothalamic PI3K pathway is important for leptin-induced AKT phosphorylation, as well as for active catabolic pathway through AMPK and PGC1 alpha in SM. Thus, a defective leptin signalling PI3K pathway in the hypothalamus may contribute to peripheral resistance to insulin associated to diet-induced obesity.

Intestinal helminths are prevalent in individuals who live in rural areas of developing countries, where obesity, type 2 diabetes, and metabolic syndrome are rare. In the present study, we analyzed the modulation of the gut microbiota in mice infected with the helminth Strongyloides venezuelensis, and fed either a standard rodent chow diet or high-fat diet (HFD). To investigate the effects of the microbiota modulation on the metabolism, we analyzed the expression of tight-junction proteins present in the gut epithelium, inflammatory markers in the serum and tissue and quantified glucose tolerance and insulin sensitivity and resistance. Additionally, the levels of lipids related to inflammation were evaluated in the feces and serum. Our results show that infection with Strongyloides venezuelensis results in a modification of the gut microbiota, most notably by increasing Lactobacillus spp. These modifications in the microbiota alter the host metabolism by increasing the levels of anti-inflammatory cytokines, switching macrophages from a M1 to M2 pattern in the adipose tissue, increasing the expression of tight junction proteins in the intestinal cells (thereby reducing the permeability) and decreasing LPS in the serum. Taken together, these changes correlate with improved insulin signaling and sensitivity, which could also be achieved with HFD mice treated with probiotics. Additionally, helminth infected mice produce higher levels of oleic acid, which participates in anti-inflammatory pathways. These results suggest that modulation of the microbiota by helminth infection or probiotic treatment causes a reduction in subclinical inflammation, which has a positive effect on the glucose metabolism of the host.

Metallic materials are pure metals (titanium, for example) and alloys, which are composed of two or more elements, with at least one being a metallic element. They have large numbers of nonlocalized electrons; that is, these electrons are not bound to particular atoms. Many properties of metals are directly attributable to these electrons. Metals are extremely good conductors of electricity and heat and are not transparent to visible light; a polished metal surface has a lustrous appearance. Furthermore, metals are quite strong, yet deformable, which accounts for their extensive use in structural applications. 2These materials are technologically interesting because they can be ductile (aluminum) or brittle (cast iron) and their properties can be altered depending on the chemical composition and / or manufacturing processes used.Metals and alloys can be divided into two basic groups: ferrous and nonferrous. Ferrous metals are based on iron; the group includes steel and cast iron. Nonferrous metals include the other metallic elements and their alloys. In almost all cases, the alloys are more important commercially than the pure metals. 3 The nonferrous metals include the pure metals and alloys of aluminum, copper, nickel, silver, titanium, zinc, cobalt and other metals. The present mini review is aimed to show principles of technological importance of metals used as biomaterials.Metals are used as biomaterials due to their excellent thermal conductivity and mechanical properties. Biomaterials are artificial or natural materials, used to in the making of structures or implants, to replace the lost or diseased biological structure to restore form and function. Thus biomaterial helps in improving the quality of life and longevity of human beings and the field of biomaterials has shown rapid growth to keep with the demands of an aging population. Biomaterials are used in different parts of the human body as artificial valves in the heart, stents in blood vessels, replacement implants in shoulders, knees, hips, elbows, ears and orthodental structures. [4][5][6] In general, metallic biomaterials are used for load bearing applications and must have sufficient fatigue strength to endure the rigors of daily activity. At the time, the metallic materials used for biomedical applications are 316L stainless steel, cobalt chromium alloys (CoCrMo), titanium-based alloys (Ti-6Al-4V) and miscellaneous others (including tantalum, gold, dental amalgams and other "specialty" metals). Titanium is becoming one of the most promising engineering materials and the interest in the application of titanium alloys to mechanical and tribological components is growing rapidly in the biomedical field, 7 due to their excellent properties. Table 1 lists the various metallic materials that are used in total hip joint replacement. 8,9The main property required of a metal as biomaterial is that it does not illicit an adverse reaction when placed into services, that means to be a biocompatible material. As well, good mechanical properties, osseointe...