In recent years, there has been significant interest in advanced nanobiosensor technologies with their exceptional properties for real-time monitoring, ultra-sensing, and rapid detection. With relevant experimental data, highly selective and hypersensitive detection of various analytes is possible using biosensors based on nanostructures. In particular, biosensors focus on vital issues such as disease early diagnosis and treatment, risk assessment of quality biomarkers, food-water quality control, and food safety. In the literature, there has been great attention to the preparation and sensing behavior of several nanomaterials-based sensors, such as polymer frameworks, metal-organic frameworks, one-dimensional (1D) nanomaterials, two-dimensional (2D) nanomaterials, and MXenes-based sensors. This chapter gives points to all aspects of fabrication, characterization, mechanisms, and applications of nanostructures-based biosensors. Finally, some smart advanced sensing systems for ultra-sensing nanoplatforms, as well as a comprehensive understanding of the sensor performances, current limitations, and future outlook of next-generation sensing materials, are highlighted.

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Lightweight materials were needed in many different areas, especially in order to reduce the required energy in areas such as automotive and aerospace industries. Metallic foams attract attention in lightweight material applications due to their unique properties. The pores in its structure provide advantages in many applications, both structural and functional by promising both ultra-lightweight construction, energy absorption, and damping insulation. Production techniques of metallic foams can generally be classified as liquid, solid, gas, and ionic state production according to the physical state of the metal at the beginning of the process. The production technique should be chosen according to the usage area and desired properties of the metallic foam and the suitability in terms of cost and sustainability of production. For this reason, the details of the production techniques should be known and the products that can be obtained and their properties should be understood. In this respect, this chapter emphasizes the production methods from past to present.

In this study, it is aimed to determine the view of the 8th grade students on the concept of democratic citizens through the metaphors. In the research towards the general objective, one of the qualitative research designs phenomenology was used. The participants of the survey are 160, 8th grade students in the Körfez district of Kocaeli province in the academic year of 2016-2017. Of the 8th grade students who participated in the survey, 85 are boys and 75 are girls. Data have been reached with semi-structured forms. The metaphors and explanations written by the students were used as the basic data source in this research. Data were analyzed through content analysis. The findings from the research show that 8th grade students perceive democratic citizenship in eight categories: freedom, justice, unity and solidarity, participation, equality, patriotism, diligence and responsibility. When the opinions of the students are analyzed, it is seen that the metaphors they produce concentrate on the categories of freedom and justice. In this context, with 13 students the most widely used metaphor is "fair citizen". Besides the students produced metaphors mostly in the category of freedom. With "tree" and "free bird" metaphors they emphasized dimension of freedom of democratic citizenship. Students have also mentioned the distinctive characteristics of democracy, such as decision-making, election, voting, and having a saying in the country's administration when they are explaining what they do with democratic citizen.