This study determined the effects of long-term chemical sympathectomy with guanethidine (GN) on the mechanical properties and composition of the distal abdominal aorta in Wistar rats. GN was daily administered for 3 mo (3M-GN, from 1 to 12 wk), 5 wk (5W-GN, from 7 to 12 wk), and 8 days (8D-GN, from 11 to 12 wk). All experiments were performed at 12 wk of age to avoid age differences at examination. We used a high-resolution echo-tracking system to determine in situ, in the systolic-diastolic range, the aortic diameter-, compliance-, and distensibility-pressure curves in anesthetized rats. We observed an equivalent significant fall in the tyramine pressor response in all conscious GN-treated rats. Blood pressure was not affected by sympathectomy after 8 days and 5 wk of treatment but was significantly reduced in 3M-GN rats. Chronic sympathetic denervation increased aortic diameter and compliance in 8D-GN rats, compared with those obtained at the same distending pressure in control rats, suggesting vascular smooth muscle relaxation. In contrast, in 5W-GN and 3M-GN rats, the distensibility pressure-curves were significantly shifted toward lower levels of distensibility and pressure, indicating a decreased aortic distensibility at the same level of arterial pressure. Sympathectomy produced a significant reduction in the content of elastin, one of the most distensible components of the arterial wall in 5W-GN and 3M-GN rats. These results suggest that intact sympathetic nerves are necessary to maintain normal functional and structural properties of large arteries in rat. The reduction in aortic distensibility, in long-term sympathectomized rats, could have resulted from complex interactions between local aortic denervation, change in the set point of distending pressure, and changes in aortic smooth muscle tone and/or wall composition.

Arteries, when they are subjected in vitro to cyclic loading and unloading, are reported to be stiffer than in static conditions and to be poorly influenced by changes in vasomotor tone. However, such parameters have never been studied in living animals. This study used very high resolution echotracking technics to evaluate pulsatile changes of carotid blood pressure and diameter and the resulting dynamic pressure-cross-sectional (CSA) curve in anesthetized Wistar-Kyoto rats before and following changes of arteriolar vasomotor tone produced by vasoconstrictive [phenylephrine, L-N^G nitro-arginine (LNA)] or vasodilating (hydralazine, nitroprusside) agents. Phenylephrine and LNA caused a progressive upward shift of the pressure-CSA curve toward significantly higher values of mean blood pressure and diameter. Since the two vasoconstrictive agents produced exactly the same arterial hemodynamic pattern, their effects may be considered as ‘passive’, i.e. predominantly due to the mechanical effect of pressure distension. From this observation, a simple model was validated, permitting evaluation in vivo of the passive static properties of the pressure-CSA curve from the relationship between mean arterial diameter and mean arterial pressure at the various steady states produced by the two vasoconstrictive agents. This static relationship had a significantly steeper slope than the corresponding dynamic relationships determined for the same steady-state mean arterial pressures. With hydralazine, a downward shift of the pulsatile pressure-CSA curve was obtained, with exactly the same characteristics as for phenylephrine and LNA, but within lower ranges of blood pressure and with a corresponding decrease in arterial diameter. In contrast, nitroprusside shifted the pulsatile pressure diameter curve toward both lower values of blood pressure and higher values of arterial diameter, thus indicating an active change in arterial tone. At any given value of mean blood pressure and arterial diameter, operational pulsatile compliance was significantly higher with sodium nitroprusside than with hydralazine. This study provides evidence that in living rats (1) the described static carotid pressure-diameter curve has a significantly steeper slope than the corresponding dynamic curve for the same mean arterial pressure, (2) for the same mean arterial pressure and diameter, sodium nitroprusside has a significantly higher dynamic compliance than hydralazine, implicating the role of nonhemodynamic factors in the stiffness changes, and (3) vasomotor tone influences markedly the dynamic pressure-diameter (or CSA) curve within intermediate and lower blood pressure ranges through active mechanisms involving the GMP cyclic pathway.

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