Structural and functional characteristics of the disulfide motif have been determined for tear lipocalins, members of a novel group of proteins that carry lipids. Amino acid sequences for two of the six isolated isoforms were assigned by a comparison of molecular mass measurements with masses calculated from the cDNA-predicted protein sequence and available N-terminal protein sequence data. A third isoform was tentatively sequence assigned using the same criteria. The most abundant isoform has a measured mass of 17 446.3 Da, consistent with residues 19-176 of the putative precursor (calculated mass 17 445.8 Da). Chemical derivatization of native and reduced/denatured protein confirmed the presence of a single intramolecular disulfide bond in the native protein. Reactivity of native, reduced, and denatured protein with 4-pyridine disulfide and dithiobis(2-nitrobenzoic acid) indicated that access to the free cysteine is markedly restricted by the intact disulfide bridge. Mass measurements of tryptic fragments identified C119 as the free cysteine and showed that the single intramolecular disulfide bond joined residues C79 and C171. Circular dichroism indicated that tear lipocalins have a predominant beta-pleated sheet structure (44%) that is essentially retained after reduction of the disulfide bond. Circular dichroism in the far-UV showed reduced molecular asymmetry and enhanced urea-induced unfolding with disulfide reduction indicative of relaxation of protein structure. Circular dichroism in the near-UV shows that the disulfide bond contributes to the asymmetry of aromatic sites. The effect of disulfide reduction on ligand binding was monitored using the intrinsic optical activity of bound retinol. The intact disulfide bond diminishes the affinity of tear lipocalins for retinol and restricts the displacement of native lipids by retinol. Disulfide reduction is accompanied by a dramatic alteration in ligand-induced conformational changes that involves aromatic residues. The disulfide bridge in tear lipocalins is important in conferring protein rigidity and influencing ligand affinity. The disulfide bond appears highly conserved so that these findings may have implications for the entire lipocalin superfamily.

Side chain mobility, accessibility, and backbone motion were studied by site-directed spin labeling of sequential cysteine mutants of the G strand in tear lipocalins (TL). A nitroxide scan between residues 98 and 105 revealed the alternating periodicity of mobility and accessibility to NiEDDA and oxygen, characteristic of a beta-strand. Residue 99 was the most inaccessible to NiEDDA and oxygen. EPR spectra with the fast relaxing agent, K(3)Fe(CN)(6), exhibited two nitroxide populations for most residues. The motionally constrained population was relatively less accessible to K(3)Fe(CN)(6) because of dynamic tertiary contact, probably with side chain residues of adjacent strands. With increasing concentrations of sucrose, the spectral contribution of the immobile component was greater, indicating a larger population with tertiary contact. Increased concentrations of sucrose also resulted in a restriction of mobility of spin-labeled fatty acids which were bound within the TL cavity. The data suggest that sucrose enhanced ligand affinity by slowing the backbone motion of the lipocalin. The correlation time of an MTSL derivative (I) attached to F99C resulted in the lack of side chain motion and therefore reflects the overall rotation of the TL complex. The correlation time of F99C in tears (13.5 ns) was the same as that in buffer and indicates that TL exists as a dimer under native conditions. TL-spin-labeled ligand complexes have a shorter correlation time than the protein alone, indicating that the fatty acids are not rigidly anchored in the cavity, but move within the pocket. This segmental motion of the ligand was modulated by protein backbone fluctuations. Accessibility studies with oxygen and NiEDDA were performed to determine the orientation and depth of a series of fatty acid derivatives in the cavity of TL. Fatty acids are oriented with the hydrocarbon tail buried in the cavity and the carboxyl group oriented toward the mouth. In general, the mobility of the nitroxide varied according to position such that nitroxides near the mouth had greater mobility than those located deep in the cavity. Nitroxides positioned up to 16 carbon units from the hydrocarbon tail of the ligand are motionally restricted and inaccessible, indicating the cavity extends to at least this depth. EPR spectra obtained with and without sucrose showed that the intracavitary position of lauric acid in TL is similar to that in beta-lactoglobulin. However, unlike beta-lactoglobulin, TL binds 16-doxyl stearic acid, suggesting less steric hindrance and greater promiscuity for TL.

We assigned the gene for tear lipocalin to the long arm of human chromosome 9. Polyadenylated RNA was extracted from lacrimal gland. The coding region for tear lipocalin was amplified, sequenced and used to probe a panel of somatic cell hybrid DNA by Southern blot analysis. Regional mapping was accomplished by probing a panel of subfragments of the indicated chromosome. Restriction of genomic DNA with EcoRI failed to reveal any bands corresponding to the human tear lipocalin gene in mouse-human hybrids all of which lack chromosome 9. Southern blot analysis of human-hamster hybrids demonstrated a human 5.6 kb TaqI restriction fragment that segregated to the q34-qter region of chromosome 9 and assigned the gene for tear lipocalin to this region. Structurally homologous proteins of the lipocalin family, human placental protein 14, human alpha 1 microglobulin, and human brain prostaglandin synthase, have been mapped to this region. We suggest that the gene for tear lipocalin is part of an important lipocalin superfamily gene cluster on chromosome 9 within band q34.

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