Four female water-deprived albino rats were given free access to a running wheel and food in baseline sessions with water present for the first 375 sec of each daily IOO-min session. In experimental sessions, water was presented intermittently according to a fixed-time (FT) 2-min schedule, which delivered water on a periodic basis independently of the rat's behavior, resulting in 50 7.5sec presentations of the water tube. Food consumption did not vary as a function of the experimental condition, whereas running increased for all Ss during the schedule conditions. Increases in running appeared to be the result of increases in both initiations of running and run-burst lengths.In the past 12 years, an increasing amount of attention has been directed toward unprogrammed behaviors that occur as adjuncts (Falk, 1972) to a schedule of reinforcement or punishment. Schedule-induced polydipsia (SIP), first documented by Falk (1961), may be considered a prototype of such behavior. Falk reported that naive rats receiving 45-mg food pellets on a VI I-min schedule drank an average of 92.5 ml of water in a 3.17 -h session, whereas the average 24-h water intake of a rat in the home cage was about 20-25 m!. The phenomenon is labeled schedule-induced because: (l)an intermittent schedule of food reinforcement is a necessary condition for the occurrence of excessive water intake, and (2) excessive water intake declines when the animal is removed from the reinforcement schedule condition. Falk (1972) labeled such responses "adjunctive behaviors," and pointed out that adjunctive behaviors (including aggression, escape, pica, and wheel running) show significant increments when an organism is subjected to a scheduled presentation of reinforcement or noxious stimulus (usually electric shock). It was also noted that common properties are shared by these schedule-induced behaviors, they: (1) occur in the presence of a deprivation state (usually food) in the organism, (2) are excessive and persistent, (3) occur consistently as poststimulus or postreinforcement phenomena, (4) occur as unprogrammed responses independent of specifically reinforced responses, (5) possess sufficient intrinsic motivation to support their own schedule of reinforcement (i.e., the organism will meet arbitrary operant-response requirements in order to obtain the opportunity to perform the adjunctive behavior).The purpose of this experiment is to demonstrate that scheduled water delivery can induce adjunctive behavior, and to support the hypothesis that the most probable response following the presentation of an intermittent stimulus is the one that will show increments in a response parameter(s). Levitsky and Collier (1968) and Segal (1969) have reported that when rats were deprived of food and exposed to an intermittent food-delivery schedule, excessive "schedule-induced" wheel running developed. In the Segal study, water and running were freely available and, immediately following food delivery, the rats drank and then ran. Since the rat has been considered a post...

The effects of authoritarian, anti-authoritarian, and egalitarian legal attitudes on verdicts by simulated jurors and juries were investigated. 360 undergraduate students in introductory psychology were classified as authoritarian, anti-authoritarian, or egalitarian in their legal attitudes on the basis of responses to the Legal Attitudes Questionnaire. An equal number (120) of each juror type was selected. They were grouped into six-person homogeneous mock juries and asked to render an individual decision prior to deliberation, an individual post-deliberation verdict, and a group decision. Prior to deliberation the authoritarian student jurors responded more punitively toward a defendant to whom they were similar. The deliberation process exerted a moderating influence, and the egalitarian student jurors were especially susceptible to this influence. Finally similarity to the defendant was the most salient factor in determining the decision, and student juries were significantly more punitive toward a defendant who was similar to them in race and socio-economic status.

Three-thousand questionnaires were distributed to students on campus to identify a sample of actual telephone counseling center users and their ratings of the effectiveness of the help received and of the counselor. Ratings of help received and impact of counseling on life as it is today were considered for sex of caller and counselor across type of problem. A sample of 66 actual callers was identified who had used the service for personal problems at least once. Of male callers, 67% reported that telephone counseling helped at least somewhat, while 80% of female callers reported favorable results of telephone counseling. Female callers who talked with male counselors reported a significantly greater impact on their life than did the callers in any other caller/counselor sex interaction. Only one average rating of counseling effectiveness by problem type fell below the neutral rating. Results are presented as evidence for the effectiveness of paraprofessional counselors.

Eleven patients with at least 40-50% carotid artery stenosis were given intelligence and personality tests just prior to and 6 weeks after carotid endarterectomy, a surgical procedure designed to remove arteriosclerotic blockage. When compared with 8 control patients, endarterectomy patients showed increases in Perceptual-Organization IQ, decreases in time to complete a perceptual motor task, and significant reductions in suspicion, confusion, disorientation, and other personality symptoms generally associated with senility.

The effects of anxiety and sex on neuropsychological test performance were studied. Thirty male and 30 female right-handed subjects responded to the Finger Tapping (FT), Form Board (FB), and State-Trait Anxiety tests. The original cutoff points for brain damage on the neuropsychological tests resulted in numerous false positives. Females performed significantly slower on the FT than males, and for females, trait anxiety was negatively correlated with FT performance and positively correlated with time to complete the FB. The implications of these results for testing psychiatric patients are noted.