Re Reynolds number, 4 m / D ; Re Dh , based on hydraulic diameter, G D h / Ri overall Richardson number, g (1-2) H / (1 V b 2) Ri wall Richardson number defined in terms of wall quantities (see text) Greek symbols volumetric coefficient of expansion,-(1/) (/ T) p dissipation of turbulence kinetic energy absolute viscosity kinematic viscosity, / density shear stress; w , wall shear stress Subscripts b evaluated at bulk or mixed-mean temperature (or enthalpy) D based on diameter DB Dittus-Boelter [1930] correlation Dh evaluated with hydraulic diameter f, fc forced convection i, in evaluated at inlet, entry j jet max maximum value p support post ref evaluated at reference conditions w, wall wall, evaluated at wall temperature Control Rod Drive Assembly Refueling Stand Pipe Control Rod Guide tubes

A two‐dimensional volume of fluid (VOF) method was used to simulate liquid movement within unsaturated fracture intersections and fracture networks. Fragmentation and merging of liquid interfaces are automatically handled, without resorting to adaptive mesh refinement or interface repairing algorithms. Wetting effects are modeled by imposing different contact angles depending on whether the liquid interface is advancing, receding, or essentially stationary. The numerical examples and experimental validation presented in this study clearly demonstrate the potential value of the VOF method for the modeling of liquid motion in unsaturated fractures, fracture junctions and fracture networks.

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The Steam Enhanced Extraction (SEE) process is being considered for removal of volatile organic contaminants contained in the fractured basalt rocks which lie above the Snake River aquifer at the Idaho National Engineering and Environmental Laboratory (INEEL). In this work the computer code M2NOTS (Multiphase Multi-component Non-isothermal Organic Transport Simulator) was used to simulate an experiment which tracked the movement of a steam condensation front through glass blocks separated by glass beads. The experiment was designed to represent steam injection into highly fractured basalt. For grid spacing equal to the block size heat transfer from the fractures to the blocks was severely under predicted, resulting in an over prediction of the condensation front velocity. A method was developed to accurately simulate the propagation of a steam condensation front through a fractured porous media using grid spacing equal to the block dimension. The method accounts for non-equilibrium conduction within a grid node, allowing the grid spacing to be increased well beyond the local equilibrium restriction. Simulation results compare well with the experimental results, validating the non-equilibrium model, and also indicating that M2NOTs can be effectively used to model the steam enhanced extraction process in fractured porous media.