Cannabis consumer products are a $4.6 billion industry in the U.S. that is projected to exceed $14 billion by 2025. Despite an absence of U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) regulation or clinical data, thousands of nutraceuticals, topical consumer products, and beauty products claim benefits of hemp or cannabidiol. However, a lack of required quality control measures prevents consumers from knowing the true concentration or purities of cannabis-labeled products. Thirteen over-the-counter consumer products were examined for the presence of cannabidiol (CBD), cannabinol (CBN), Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC), cannabidiolic acid (CBDA), and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinolic acid A (THCA). Additionally, the efficacy of topical applications was investigated using a porcine skin model, in which particle size and zeta potential relate to skin permeability. Skin permeation was correlated to particle size and relative stability in skin-like conditions but not directly related to the CBD content, suggesting that topical products can be designed to enhance overall skin permeation. Of the products analyzed, all products have some traceable amount of cannabinoids, while seven products had multiple cannabinoids with quantifiable amounts. Overall, the need for further regulation is clear, as most products have apparent distinctions between their true and labeled contents.

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The 2-butyn-1-yl radical is an isomer of C 4 H 5 and is structurally similar to the propargyl radical, which is the simplest resonance-stabilized hydrocarbon radical. The C 4 H 5 radical is likely to be important to astrochemistry and combustion, similar to propargyl, yet little research has been done on its spectroscopic properties. In this work, seven vibrational bands of the 2-butyn-1-yl radical are reported. The radical was formed by pyrolysis of 1-bromo-2-butyne at 800 K and isolated in a low-temperature argon matrix. The experimentally observed frequencies and intensities of the seven vibrational bands were found to be consistent with QCISD predictions from the literature and with new B3LYP calculations in this work.

The 1-butyn-3-yl radical (C 4 H 5 ) is thought to play a role in the formation of hydrocarbons in the interstellar medium and planetary atmospheres, but it is not well characterized. In this study, the 1-butyn-3-yl radical was formed by the pyrolysis of gas-phase 3-bromo-1-butyne at temperatures of 800-1200 K. Nascent radicals were isolated in an argon marix, followed by FTIR spectroscopy. Vibrational bands in the experimental spectra were matched to frequencies predicted by Gaussian 09. Pyrolysis of 3-methyl-1-butyne was also investigated as a possible pyrolytic precursor to the 1-butyn-3-yl radical under similar conditions. Evidence of 1-butyn-3-yl formation was observed, but other radicals may have formed as well.