Background. Type 2 diabetes is a worldwide disaster including in Uganda, specifically in Kanungu District which had a rise in diabetic patients in 2018/2019 as compared to the 2017/2018 financial year. This research was determined to access the prevalence and risk factors associated with type 2 diabetes on elderly patients aged 45-80 years attending Kanungu Health Centre IV, Kanungu District. Methods. A cross-sectional study was conducted among patients aged 45-80 years attending Kanungu Health Centre IV from June to August 2019. The prevalence of type 2 diabetes was determined by the blood sugar of patients. Questionnaires were used to collect data for factors associated with type 2 diabetes. Data were statistically analyzed using the statistical package for social sciences (SPSS) version 25 (SPSS Inc., USA) at P<0.05. Results. The overall prevalence of type 2 diabetes was 18.7% among the tested patients. 22.8% of diabetic patients were females as 7.8% were males. The age group most affected by diabetes was 61-65 years. Alcoholism, smoking, body mass index (BMI), and family history were found to be significantly associated with type 2 diabetes at P value < 0.05. Conclusion. There was a high prevalence of type 2 diabetes observed in this study compared to studies done in previous years which raise a public health concern. This study also found that females and patients aged 61-65 years were most affected by diabetes. Lastly, the presence of family history for diabetes, overweight, and being obese increases the chances of acquiring type 2 diabetes.

In the recent decades, there has been a concern on heavy metals in waste water and high cost of conventional methods of removing heavy metals, for this reason search on adsorbents of biological origin which is low cost and efficient is necessary. In this work defatted Moringa oleifera seed powder was studied as a potential alternative adsorbent for removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solution. Physicochemical parameters such as pH, contact time, adsorption kinetics and initial ions concentration adsorption capacity using sorption models were evaluated. The results showed that the optimum pH for biosorption of Cu(II) was 6.5 while that of Pb(II) was 5.5. Contact time for Cu(II) was observed to occur after 30 min while that of Pb(II) occurred after 40 min. FTIR analysis revealed that defatted Moringa oleifera seed biomass had presence of amino, carboxyl, hydroxyl and carbonyl groups, these groups were responsible for biosorption of Cu(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solution. Biosorption kinetic data fitted well with pseudo-second-order kinetic model (r2 ≤ 0.9997) giving equilibrium rate constant (k2) of 0.0350±0.0275 g mg−1 min−1 for Cu (II) loaded biomass and 0.0206±0.0114 g mg−1 min−1 for Pb (II) loaded biomass; the biosorption isotherms for the biosorbent fitted well with Freundlich isotherm model than with Langmuir isotherm model. However, the separation factor RL of Langmuir model was between 0 and 1 indicating favourable sorption process and the low value of mean sorption energy of 9.19×10-2 kJ from D-R model showed that the forces of attraction involved were Van der Waal forces indicating the process of adsorption was physical adsorption. In conclusion, the study revealed that defatted Moringa oleifera seed is an efficient biosorbent for removal of Cu(II) and Pb(II) from aqueous solution.

Background: Acquired Immune deficiency syndrome was first reported in the United States in 1981 and has since become a major worldwide epidemic. An estimated 34 million people are living with HIV, according to UNAIDS estimates released early December 2011. This study determined the serostatus and frequency of ill health of HIV exposed infants in Ishaka Adventist hospital. Method: Study Design:The study design was descriptive cross sectional study to determine the serostatus and frequency of ill health among HIV exposed infants and the feeding options chosen by mothers. Study Population:The study focused on HIV exposed infants brought in the EID clinic from Bushenyi, Mitooma, Rubirizi, Sheema and Buhweju districts. According to the incharge EID clinic, the clinic gets about 10 patients per day and runs from Monday to Friday. The prevalence rate of HIV among mothers attending antenatal care in Bushenyi district is 7.2%. "Incharge EID clinic said" This gives a reflection of HIV exposed infants. The majority of people in Bushenyi district are small scale subsistence farmers, earning less than 1 dollar per day. The main cash crop is coffee and food crop is matooke. Other food crops include; Millet, cassava, potatoes, beans, groundnuts and peas. The animals kept mainly are; cows, goats, sheep and hens (District records 2014). Sampling Procedure:To determine the prevalence of HIV, a systematic random sampling method using EID numbers was used. To determine the feeding options and frequency of ill health, a ballot paper was used to determine the participants among the clients who attend to the clinic.Results: A total of 100 respondents were used. Majority of the mothers 51(51%) said PMTCT offers services like HIV counseling and Testing especially pregnant mothers for safe delivery after knowing your serostatus, 20 (20%) said it involves health education to pregnant mothers on safe motherhood, while minority 2(2%) said it involves breastfeeding, most of the mothers 80 (80%) had an idea about breast feeding options among mothers who are HIV positive, 4 (4%) were confused and16 (16%) did not know about any option. Majority of the mothers 55 (55%) said that ARV's should be taken for PMTCT to be possible, 12(12%) said attending ANC and delivering in hospital, 17 (17 %) said feeding well, 2 (2%) said abstaining, and 2(2%) didn't know.

Laboratory experiments were conducted to determine the repellent activities of the ornamental plant Dioscorea sansibarensis leaf essential oil against the Bruchus chinensis bean weevil in the protection of stored legumes. The leaves exhibited potential repellency in a Y-tube olfactometer. The tabulated data show that 10µL of leaf oil exhibited a repellency of 41.33%, with a grouped median of 53.33%, which was better than 10 µL of Actellic 50 EC, which had a repellency of 36.00% and a grouped median of 40%. Statistically, there was no significant difference in the percentage repellency obtained from the leaf oil and Actellic 50 EC at different concentrations (10, 20, 30 and 40 µL/mL, X2(7, N=200) = 114.93, P< 0.05). The GC-MS analysis identified 16 compounds in the leaf oil. The main compounds and their percentage composition were phytol (19.46%), 1-epi-α-gurjunene (11.71%), palmitic acid (10.48%), ethyl palmitate (8.87%), methyl palmitate (7.72%), isophytol (5.99%), 2-heptadecanone (4.59%) and α-selinene (4.5%). The repellency caused by the by leaf oil may have been due to the presence of α-selinene, also known as naphthalene, 1,2,3,5,6,7,8,8a-octahydro-1,8a-dimethyl-7-(1-methylethenyl)-, [1S- (1.α.,7.α.,8a.α.)]-. Dioscorea sansibarensis may be a good choice for repellent formulations.

In the present study antibacterial properties of fruits harvested from natural medicinal plants garlic, tulsi, bitter guard and cinnamon, were explored against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli, and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which had been extracted from wound infections of sick patients. Antimicrobial components were extracted by solvent extraction using methanol and ethanol as extracts. Agar well diffusion method was used to assess the antimicrobial nature of extracts. The methanolic extract of garlic was found effective against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, which gave an inhibition zone of 27mm and 28mm respectively. Ethanolic extract of cinnamon was effective against Escherichia coli by giving an inhibition zone of 27mm. These results were far better than the zone of inhibition given by the standard tetracycline antibiotic used throughout the study. Tulsi and bitter guard were less effective against Staphylococcus aureus, Escherichia coli and Pseudomonas aeruginosa by giving an inhibitory zone which was less as compaired to garlic and cinnamon extracts. The minimum inhibitory concentration of the most effective extracts were determined where by garlic methanolic (GM) extract had 0.14µg/ml against Staphylococcus aureus and Pseudomonas aeruginosa, while cinnamon ethanolic (CE) extract had 0.12µg/ml against Escherichia coli.