Antibiotics are medical products designed to cure or avoid bacterial infections that should be administered to patients based on a licensed health care professional's directive. Self-medication is defined as the usage of medication, whether orthodox or traditional, for self-cure. The practice of antibiotics self-treatment is a global phenomenal. Indulgence of antibiotics self-medication had crippled the lives of many people with increase antibiotics resistance bacterial and disruption of gut microbiota. The practice of antibiotics self-medication was sustained and reinforced by easy information access on antibiotics uses and the accessibility of antibiotics in the environments. The menace of this practice is abruptly stoppage of the treatment when symptoms disappeared because of inadequate idea of the ailment. The best way to discourage antibiotics self-medication is to take the campaign to all stakeholders in antibiotics dealings to reduce the inflow of antibiotics and as well as to educate patient on the inherent dangers.

Biofilms are composed provinces of microscopic organisms, growths, or yeasts that structure heterogeneous substances on a natural or nonorganic surface. Biofilm arrangement is a noteworthy issue in the clinical, food, and marine industries and can prompt significant economic and medical issues. The complex microbial community of a biofilm is exceptionally impervious to antibiotics and created persistent survival that is a challenge to survive. There are various approaches to control biofilms, physical and additionally mechanical expulsion, synthetic evacuation, and the utilization of antimicrobials and nanoparticles to kill biofilm organisms.

Fluoroquinolones are widely used most effective medication, systemic antibacterial that have long been used against respiratory and Urinary Tract Infections. Fluoroquinolones are effective against both aerobic and anaerobic gram positive and negative bacteria, most especially Salmonella species.  Resistance comes as a curse with antibiotics that occurs when bacteria change in some way that reduces or eliminates the effectiveness of drugs, chemicals or other agents designed to cure or prevent infections. The main problem connected with the therapeutic use of fluoroquinolones is the establishment of more virulent and resistant Salmonella species due to the development of either altered DNA-binding proteins or efflux pump mechanisms for antibiotics. It is currently a serious public health threat that affects people all around the world. When a Salmonella species develops resistance to fluoroquinolones, the fluoroquinolones are no longer effective in treating Salmonella infections. This review provides an overview of Salmonella infection, and discusses the fluoroquinolones, Mechanisms of antibiotics resistance in Salmonella, Pathogenesis of Salmonella species and clinical manifestations.

Typhoid fever continues to be a major health problem despite the use of antibiotics and the development of newer antibacterial drugs. This study aim was to isolate fluoroquinolones resistant Salmonella spp from stool samples of informed and consenting patient attending General Hospital and Ibrahim Badamasi Babangida Specialist Hospital in Minna Niger State Nigeria. A total 450 stool samples were collected from the Hospital. The results showed that 69 (30.4%) of the sample collected were positive for Salmonella species. On the basis of age children within the age range of 0-10 recorded the highest prevalence of 22.7% followed by age range 51-60 having the prevalence of 19.4%, age range >60 had the prevalence of 16.7% and age range 21-30 and 11-20 had a similar prevalence of (10.1% and 10.3% respectively) while age range 31-40 had the least prevalence of 7.8%. There were 69 isolates of Salmonella species Identified, 65(94.2%) were Resistant to the antibiotics used. The highest resistance was shown to Pefloxacin 62 (89.9%) and the lowest was shown to Ciprofloxacin 27 (39.1%). Salmonella species exhibited 52 antibiotic resistant patterns for the ten antibiotics tested with multiple antibiotic resistance index (MARI) ranging from 0.3-1.0. Molecular analysis was carried out on 5 representative isolates to identify their strains. Polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay showed the identified Salmonella strains were Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae strain ATCC 13314, Salmonella enterica subsp. enterica serovar Typhi strain 2018K-0756, Salmonella bongori strain SL18, Salmonella bongori strain GH3Rp and Salmonella enterica subsp. arizonae strain ATCC 13314, they all showed resistance to fluoroquinolones.