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Background: Heart failure is a costly condition with high morbidity and mortality rates in low- and middle-income countries. Nonadherence to prescribed therapies can lead to severe problems such as poorer health outcomes, higher health care expenditures, increased hospitalizations, and even higher mortality rates in patients with advanced heart disease. Objective: The aim of the present study is to investigate medication adherence and the association between medication adherence and health literacy in Iranian patients with heart failure. Methods: This study was conducted in the heart failure outpatient clinic of Shahid Rajaee Cardiovascular, Medical, and Research Center in Tehran, Iran. Medical records and validated questionnaires were used to collect the necessary information on the survey variables, including sociodemographic characteristics, medication adherence, and health literacy, for a total of 250 patients with heart failure. Stepwise logistic regression analysis was performed to identify the variables that independently and significantly predicted medication nonadherence. Key Results: The results showed that most patients with heart failure had low medication adherence. Some factors, including gender, health literacy, and duration of illness, were associated with adherence. The study results showed a positive association between higher health literacy and better medication adherence. Conclusion: In view of the results, further studies on heart failure are needed to investigate other factors related to medication adherence and health literacy level to achieve better disease management and improve patients' treatment adherence. [ HLRP: Health Literacy Research and Practice . 2022;6(3):e191–e199. ] Plain Language Summary: This study investigated the relationship between medication adherence and health literacy in Iranian patients with heart failure. The results showed that most patients had inadequate health literacy. Moreover, it showed a significant and positive relationship between health literacy and medication adherence.

Background: Diabetic nephropathy is the most prevalent cause of end-stage kidney disease (ESRD). Besides, factors such as; pro-fibrotic, cytokines, vascular endothelial growth factor, inflammatory factor, and uric acid may play a role in creating and progressing diabetic nephropathy. Decreasing the serum level of inflammatory factors can be useful in the treatment of diabetic nephropathy. Therefore, this study aimed to evaluate allopurinol's anti-inflammatory effects in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease.Methods: In this clinical trial, 60 diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease and normal uric acid level were enrolled into the study with certain inclusion and exclusion criteria. Patients received allopurinol at a dose of 100 mg daily. Demographic parameters, laboratory results in blood urea nitrogen (BUN), serum creatinine (sCr), glomerular filtration rate (GFR), 24-hour urine protein (PrUrine24h), uric acid, serum albumin (Alb), systolic blood pressure (SBP), diastolic blood pressure (DBP), glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1C) and high sensitivity C reactive protein (HSCRP), as well as adverse reactions, were recorded at baseline, ones and three months after.Results: The results showed that patients were not different in point of demographic parameters at baseline. Laboratory results such as; BUN, sCr, GFR, PrUrine24h, Alb, SBP, DBP, and HbA1C did not change significantly over study duration (P>0.05), except uric acid and HSCRP, which were significantly decreased in patients (P=0.024 and P=0.016, respectively). There was not any notable adverse reaction among patients.Conclusion: Low dose Allopurinol (100 mg/day) reduced uric acid and inflammatory biomarker (HSCRP) after three administration months. According to the present study results, Allopurinol can be considered an auxiliary, inexpensive, and low side-effect therapy in diabetic patients with chronic kidney disease.