No abstract

A A rticle 149 EC stipulates, in its third paragraph, that 'The Community and the Member States shall foster co-operation with third countries…' Some Member States have a well-established tradition of, mainly bilateral, cooperation with third countries on education. For its part, the Community, in the field of higher education, has established a number of initiatives with third countries drawing on experience gained from the Erasmus and similar programmes (European Commission, 2011, p. 2). Consequently, the HEIs across the EU member states launched measures to organize mobility actions for teachers within the Erasmus programme.Apart from the EU-27 member states, the scheme has also become popular in Croatia, Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland and Turkey. Since April 2004, Turkey is eligible for the EU Erasmus programme under which mobility makes short guest lectureships at European partner institutions possible (European Commission, 2010, p. 2). As is the case for other HEIs in EU countries, the Turkish Higher Education Council has encouraged universities to participate in academic mobility. As a result, there have been an increasing number of lecturer exchanges between Turkey and the EU member states.The Erasmus programme is likely to enhance the quality and reinforce the European dimension of Turkish higher education (HE) system. At the same time, spending time abroad may help Turkish academics to develop specific skills relevant to Turkey. The programme may also benefit EU academics Derleme / Literature Review www.yuksekogretim.org Bu çal›flma Avrupa Birli¤i (AB) ve Türkiye aras›ndaki akademik dolafl›m›n ana öncülerini incelemeyi amaçlamaktad›r. Erasmus program› yurtd›fl›nda e¤itim vermek için yeni olanaklar sunmufltur. Akademik hareketlilik sadece 27 AB üyesi aras›nda de¤il AB üyesi olmayan ülkeler aras›nda da popüler bir gündemdir. Erasmus program›n›n bir parças› olarak, akademik hareketlilik Türkiye'nin AB ile entegrasyon sürecinin önemli bir unsurdur. Son y›llarda, bu hareketlili¤i güçlendirmek vazgeçilmez olmufltur. Programa kat›lan Türk ö¤retim üyesi say›s› sürekli art›yor olmas›na ra¤men, hareketlilik ak›mlar› ile ilgili veriler, AB'den Türkiye'ye akademik hareketlili¤in düflük oldu¤unu göstermektedir. Dolay›s›yla, AB akademisyenleri için Türk yük-sekö¤retim kurumlar›n›n çekicili¤ini art›rmak önemlidir. Çal›flma AB ve Türkiye aras›ndaki akademik dolafl›m anlam›nda neyin de¤iflmekte oldu¤unu ve y›llar boyunca neyin de¤iflti¤ini ele almaktad›r.

Human trafficking lies at the heart of international organised crime. It is concerned with profits in terms of the exploitation of human beings. It is an abuse of basic rights. The enormous interest and concern for trafficking and human struggling is factual evidence. In the EU, policy on irregular migration is driven by the perception that the member states risk being overwhelmed by large numbers of irregular migrants thought to constitute a threat to national security. This has implications for policy measures designed to combat trafficking and human smuggling, which may not work without international cooperation. In most cases, victims are brought to the EU member states from abroad. This creates a demand for international obligations for cooperation and related instruments for combating human smuggling and trafficking. Therefore, the member states and their law enforcement agencies cannot tackle human trafficking alone. A question arises as to whether Turkey can be a vital partner, based on the facts that it is a transit country, with a strong border and assuming that it has a role to play, through its expertise and its commitment to dealing with the effects of trafficking. Unfortunately, these facts are still overlooked, while disproportionately intensive efforts are expended on dealing with questions of national security by the member states. Combating illegal immigration and reducing and controlling migration are frequently seen through the magnifying glass of the struggle against human trafficking. This article focuses on the international factors involved and how the wider international community might be able to play an effective role in helping to tackle human trafficking. It argues that continued coordination and collaboration across the countries is vital. The article reviews the empirical evidence from Turkey, as non-EU/candidate countries' cooperation and assistance in human trafficking may have an important dimension.

The aim is to explore the challenges for women's self-employment preferences in Turkey in terms of the human resources strategies, influence and importance of the EU policies affecting their entrepreneurial activities. It focuses on the questions of how and why women's entrepreneurship in Turkey is a distinct feature of the EU entrepreneurship, which may have a different impact on competitiveness. It begins with analysis of a range of specific challenges and obstacles faced by innovative women in setting up, running and expanding their businesses, discusses the individual resources of education and skills in terms of women's entry in entrepreneurship and success, proceeds to analysis of entrepreneurship tools to the extent of which how such resources are related to the nature and volume of women's entrepreneurship. Girişimcilikte Cinsiyet Farklılıkları: AB ve Türkiye ÖzetBu çalışmanın amacı insan kaynakları stratejileri ve kadın girişimcilik faaliyetlerini etkileyen Avrupa Birliği (AB) politikalarının etkisi ve önemi açısından Türkiye'de kadın serbest meslek tercihleri için zorlukları ele almaktır. Türkiye'de nasıl ve neden kadın girişimciliğinin rekabet üzerinde farklı bir etkiye sahip AB girişimciliğinin ayrı bir özelliğe sahip olup olmadığı sorularına odaklanmaktadır. Çalışma iş kuran, işleten ve işlerini büyüten yenilikçi kadınların karşılaştığı bir dizi özel zorluklar ve engellerin analizi ile başlayıp, kadınların girişimciliğe başlayışı ve başarısı açısından bireysel eğitim kaynaklarını ve becerilerini anlatmakta ve söz