Cruise tourism as one of the most dynamic and fastest growing segments of tourism industry is shaping tourism activities. The growth rate of global cruise tourism has constantly increased over the last years and the number of cruise passengers is expected to grow worldwide. Cruising as form of leisure tourism is the most expressed in the Caribbean, followed by the Mediterranean as cruising region with increasing cruise passenger rates. The demand for cruise tourism continues to grow and cruise ports will continue to develop an interest in advancing their cruise activities. The paper elaborates on the pattern of cruise port industry with regard to cruise port model of operation governance, two basic types of port operation, namely ports without private entry in port operation and ports with private entry in port operation. Research sample are cruise ports in the Mediterranean and adjoining seas. The main indicators of passenger fl ows are analysed and the intensity, structure and dynamics is identifi ed. Descriptive statistics is used to describe the basic features of the data in the study together with summaries about the sample and the measures. Along with graphics analysis, quantitative analysis of data is performed. Port governance including private entry, especially port operators, is seen as key response to global cruise industry growth, having advantage over public port governance in diverse fi elds of port operation. Research results indicate that cruise ports with private entry in port operation are not geographically concentrated. Cruise ports with private entry in port operation are dominating the market, but cruise ports without private entry are catching up as their growth rate is higher. At the same time cruise ports with private entry in port operation are turning to bigger sized cruise ships increasing overall effi ciency per call. Findings contribute to cruising tourism theory and practice. In practical terms the contribution of this paper is the understanding of current market position of cruise ports with regard to their model of port governance, more precisely the position of ports with private entry in cruise port operation versus cruise ports without private entry in cruise port operation. Sažetak Kruzing turizam, kao jedna od najdinamičnijih grana turizma koja se najbrže razvija, oblikuje aktivnosti u turizmu. Stopa rasta kruzing turizma na svjetskoj razini posljednjih godina neprekidno se povećava, a očekuje se daljnji porast broja putnika na kružnim putovanjima diljem svijeta. Kruzing kao oblik rekreacijskog turizma najizraženiji je na Karibima, a zatim slijedi Mediteran kao kruzing područje u kojemu se broj putnika sve više povećava. Potražnja za kruzing turizmom nastavlja rasti, a luke za kružna putovanja nastavit će razvijati zanimanje za unapređenje svojih kruzing aktivnosti. Ovaj rad istražuje organizaciju u kruzing destinacijama, s osvrtom na model upravljanja lukama za kružna putovanja, preciznije, na dva osnovna tipa rada u lukama-luke u kojima nije omogućen privatan ulazak u njiho...

Purpose -Market changes put new challenges for the hotel business. Hotels require and rely on measuring business performance, wherein inadequate measurement may compromise hotel performance and thus competitiveness on the tourism market. Performance measurement is an important managerial activity and a crucial support in company management and business decision making. Unfortunately, recent findings on measuring hotel performance are insufficient and incomplete. Therefor, the purpose of this paper is to foster innovation in hotel performance measurement and fill the findings gap in conceptualization of hotel performance key determinants by proposing an innovative approach to the conceptualization of hotel performance measurement. Design -Introductory remarks in the research problem are followed by hotel performance literature review, further key determinants of hotel performance are elaborated and a conceptual approach for measuring hotel performance is proposed, the paper ends with managerial implications and concluding remarks. Methodology -The objective is achieved by (i) a review of the hotel performance literature, (ii) the amalgamation of relevant findings in hotel performance researches, and (iii) proposing a hotel performance measurement framework. Approach -Based on the review of the relevant literature in the field of research findings will be summarized, critically reviewed and with theoretical footing a new innovative conceptual approach for measuring hotel performance will be proposed. Findings -The conceptual framework of hotel performance measurement inculd internal, external and temporal components. By approaching measurement of hotel performance internal, external and temporal determinants should be considered. Hotel characteristics stand out in the literature as crucial determinant of internal environment that determine business performance. Tourists, concretely destination demand represent a crucial element of the external environment of the hotel business. Further, the temporal component refers to tourism seasonality. It is necessary to explore hotel performance per season: low, medium and high season, to the contrary, research performance in a single time point or the aggregate annual data may lead to incorrect conclusions. Originality of the research -The contribution of research is a new innovative approach of hotel performance measurement conceptualization. This paper provides understanding of hotel performance determinants and fills an identified gap in the hotel performance measurment literature. Research findings are an important contribution to future research of hotel performance.

Purpose - The changes caused by economic and technological development are present in all sectors of an advanced industrial society. The educational sector as such is not exempt from such changes; on the contrary, changes in the educational sector are becoming necessary. The challenges in transforming the entire educational system affect all segments of the educational process, including curricula, learning materials, teaching practices, and educational stakeholders. The hospitality industry, as a part of the overall economy based on human resources due to its specificity, is different from other industries and as such has a direct impact on the design of the educational model for future hospitality employees. Methodology - This paper aims to identify trends in higher education institutions for the hospitality industry, with a particular focus on analyzing the top 15 QS ranking world universities. The focus of the paper is to identify the challenges faced by higher education institutions specializing in the field of hospitality education and to analyze the educational programs that respond to the challenges and needs of the market. For the analysis of the collected data, the study used a qualitative methodology, employing a summative content analysis. Findings - The analysis of the educational system of established universities in the field of tourism and hospitality provides insight into specific teaching models for the hospitality industry. The results of the research showed that the focus of universities is in the segment of a tailor-made specialization, an internship in high-quality hospitality brands, and subjects that have foundations in hospitality, management, food and beverage, and marketing. Contribution - The research findings of this paper provide insight into the direction of further innovation of degree programs specializing in the hospitality field.

According to touristic cycle-theory, raising and decreasing waves show cyclicality showing more and more oscillation in time and depth. It has impact on intermediary sector as well as on relationship between tourism and transportation. It can be observed that air transportation transformed after recession but got out of trouble strengthened. Current transformation can be described as responsible fly, next crisis can be avoided only by evolving a comprehensive, sustainable development. Under green transformation we understand the decreasing of emission of pollutant gases by aviation, reducing the power consumption and participation in environment protecting projects. In terms of future it means a serious problem that according to research of Eurocontrol carbon emission can be doubled, the international organizations called aviations for reducing their emission already in 2018. In our research we looked for answers to the questions of why the sustainability of airlines has come into view just now and what people think about it as well as what the influence of the current situation will be on tourism and its transformation. A combination of economic, social, environmental, and psychological factors has recently been affecting the development of sustainable air traffic. Changes have arisen due to economic challenges as airlines faced restrictions which they have never seen in the past, such as border closures and several week long quarantine requirements for passengers. These resulted in the grounding the aircraft of airlines within a few weeks. Due to the pandemic, all airlines were in need of financial support from the Member States of the European Union. Each Member State and their cities with airports have an interest in the reduction of pollutant gases (the total CO2 emission of air traffic is 859 million tonnes per year, IATA 2020). Due to interdependence resulting from the crisis, a responsible air development programme has been started. Psychological factors have come to the forefront due to the pandemic, which means further challenges for the airlines. How could overcrowded flights be made safer for passengers? How would it be possible to win back the confidence of passengers? As for the tourism industry, the resumption of flights and the operation of the sector are crucial issues (58% of international passengers fly to their destination) and a lot depends on the recoverability of psychological sustainability. Our travel habits should change in the future and this process would show the path to more balanced development.

Tourist attractions are vital sub-elements in the tourism system. Despite drawing considerable attention in the tourism literature, most studies suffer from a lack of in-depth analysis of the theoretical foundation. This research aims to analyze the temporal nature of tourist attraction, thereby linking the cognitive and organizational perspective of tourist attraction classification by its temporal dimension. From the organizational perspective of tourist attraction classification, a further purpose is to classify tourist attractions regarding their temporal dimension. This paper shows the organizational influence of time regarding when and how long an attraction occurs. The cognitive and organizational perspective typologies of tourist attractions are linked by a common unit of measurement: time. With regard to their temporal dimension, tourist attractions are classified as STA - Stationary attraction and SEA - Seasonal attractions. This study contributes to the literature by providing an insight into the temporal dimension of tourist attractions and the understanding of the cognitive and organizational perspective and their interconnection within tourist attraction typology. The defined framework can be applied in the comparison and evaluation of tourist attractions providing the basis for further discussion on the nature of tourist attractions.