Major ethical issues related to training and supervising counseling practitioners are discussed including transference, dependency, and power in the supervisory relationship, dual relationships, stereotyping, and the imposition of the supervisor's beliefs on the supervisee, Suggestions for lessening the threat of ethical violations are identified, Ethics is defined as the process of making moral decisions about individuals and their interactions in society while still attempting to protect the rights and welfare of those same individuals. The American Association for Counseling and Development (AACD, 1988) has formulated a code of ethics in an effort to provide strong ethical gutdelmes for counselors and counselor educators. As with any rules or policies designed to influence human thinking and behavior. these standardized principles cannot explicitly cover all the moral, ethical, and legal dilemmas that occur in the actual counseling practice. This is especially true for ethical standards regarding the conduct of counselor educators and supervisors in their relationships with student supervisees and their clients.Supervision of helping professionals has been defined by several educators (Bradley. 1989; Brammer & Wassmer, 1977;Hart. 1982;Kurpius. Baker. & Thomas. 1977;Kutzik, 1977; Loganbtll, Hardy. & Delworth, 1982; Walberg. 1987) as a teaching procedure in which an experienced person aids a less experienced person in the acquisition of a body of knowledge and experience that will foster competence and skill in handling therapeutic situations. In this role the DeWayne Kurpius is a professor in

Unlike the four de facto specialties in psychology—counseling, clinical, school, and industrial/organizational psychology—consulting psychology is not formally recognized as a predoctoral training area. In spite of this, many psychologists offer consulting services as part of their professional practice. To obtain an occupational analysis of consulting psychology, this study was designed to examine the parameters of practice and professional identity of 143 consulting psychologists who are members of the Division of Consulting Psychology. Results suggest that consulting psychologists see themselves as primarily serving individual and organization consultees in business/industrial and hospital settings. The skill most important to professional identity is general problem solving. When the graduates of the defacto specialties were examined for consultation education and practice differences, few differences emerged, indicating that no recognized current specialty better trains consultants. Results are discussed in light of the need for specific course work, supervised experiences, and professional development in consulting.

Consultation and organizational interventions provided through community mental health centers have declined as a result of changes in federal legislation and reductions in financial support. Given both increasingly competent consumers and shrinking fiscal capacities, there are compelling needs for empirical support of the efficacy of consultation. A review of 1,643 consultation outcomes through meta-analytic studies reveals a moderate overall mean effect, d = .562, for consultation interventions. Utility formulas demonstrate these consultation interventions will provide an 11% improvement in outcome measures of consultee and organizational functioning. While the empirical evidence of the efficacy of consultation interventions is very substantial, the acceleration of the rate of change and the increasing complexity of organizational functioning require continuous reconsideration of current conceptual models of consultation.

This paper presents a descriptive analysis of a community based alcohol rehabilitation programme serving a four county area in the Mid-Western U.S. The programme's objective is to return the alcohol abuser to as normal functioning in the community as possible, and to reduce the burden on law enforcement, correctional institutions, and other social agencies in the community. To accomplish this, the programme offers a comprehensive range of indirect and direct services to alcohol abusers and their families, as well as to the community. Para-professionals were utilised in the programme for intensive follow-up with respect to basic physical and psychological needs. Professionals as well as para-professionals often function as client advocates to facilitate the reintegration of their clients into the community. An evaluation of the effectiveness of this programme is offered. The data is based on a sample of fifty alcohol abusers randomly selected from a population of 460 referrals who had used this treatment service from July, 1972 through September, 1974. Some demographic characteristics ofthe clients are presented. Because a change in drinking status suggests but does not confirm the effectiveness of a treatment programme, additional objective measures are offered. Unobtrusive measures including changes in court offences, health care, employment status, and a cost analysis ofthe treatment components have been utilised. The results generally indicate that the programme successfully approached many of these criterion.

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