Clinicians should consider combined posting or rear-foot posting alone when maximal control of rear-foot frontal-plane pronation is desired, though forefoot posting alone and the orthotic shell also provide control of rear-foot frontal-plane pronation.

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t is estimated that up to 80% of patients with low back pain have no diagnosed pathology for their pain (33). Nonpathological causes of pain include possible biomechanical factors such as disturbed stress patterns at the sacroiliac joint and lumbar spine. O n e asymmetry that is commonly thought to be associated with disturbed stress patterns is unequal innominate bone inclination in the sagittal plane (7,10,11,16,28), often described as a pelvic asymmetry. Pelvic symmetry is often evaluated as part of the examination for postural deviations and leg length discrepancies (3,8,11,16,28). T h e credibility of postural assessments has been hampered by the fact that many clinical tests/measures for assessing pelvic asymmetry have been shown to lack precision, o r the methods are unreliable (19,29). Given these facts, an instrument and method that yields precise and reliable measures of innominate bone inclination would enhance credibility for physical therapists as they evaluate and treat problems involving pelvic tilt angle o r asymmetrical innominate bone inclination. Such a method would yield a determination of pelvic asymmetry by comparing measures of inclination of both innominate bones. Determination of innominate bone inclination in standing is frequently assessed in postural analysis of subjects. Currently, no goniometer for objective assessment of innominate bone inclination in standing is commercially available. The purpose of this study was to determine the intratester and intertester reliability and validity of measures taken with a pelvic inclinometer. The intraclass correlation coefficient (KC) for repeated measures of the pelvic inclinometer fixed to a mechanical model was 0.99. The intertester reliability of using the hand-held pelvic inclinometer to determine inclination on a mechanical model was ICC

Study Design: A withinsubjects repeated measures design.Objectives To determine differences in the amount of vertical opening of the mandible among 3 different head positions. Background: Results from several studies have suggested that the position of the head and neck may affect temporomandibular joint function. Presently no standardized position of the head and neck has been recommended for measuring vertical opening of the mandible. Methods and Measures: Twenty males and 20 females (32.9 2 8.3 years) participated in the study. We obtained 3 measurements of vertical mandibular opening using a millimeter ruler on each subject in the forward, neutral, and retracted head positions. Results: A 1 -way repeated measures analysis of variance followed by pairwise comparisons indicated that the vertical mandibular opening was significantly greater in the forward head position (44 2 5.3 mm) than in the neutral head position (41.5 2 4.8 mm) and in the retracted head position (36.2 2 4.5 mm). In addition, vertical mandibular opening was significantly greater in the neutral head position than in the retracted head position. Interclass correlation coefficients for the 3 head positions ranged from 0.90 to 0.97 for intrarater, interrater, and day-to-day reliability. Conclusions: Head position is an important factor in determining the amount of vertical mandibular opening in healthy adults. ) Orthop Sportr Phys Ther 1999;29:127-130.