To determine the efficacy of a mucosal vaccine against nontypeable Haemophilus influenzae (NTHi), mice were immunized nasally, orally, intratracheally, or intraperitoneally with NTHi antigen together with cholera toxin. Antigen-specific IgA antibody titers in nasal washes and the numbers of antigen-specific IgA-producing cells in nasal passages showed the greatest increases in mice immunized nasally. Cytokine analysis showed that interferon-gamma, interleukin (IL)-2, IL-5, IL-6, and IL-10 were induced by nasal immunization, suggesting that Th2- and Th1-type cells were generated. Furthermore, bacterial clearance of a homologous strain of NTHi from the nasal tract was significantly enhanced in the nasal immunization group. These findings suggest that nasal immunization is an effective vaccination regimen for the induction of antigen-specific mucosal immune responses, which reduce the colonization of NTHi in the nasal tract.

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Tomonaga K, KuronoY, Mogi G. The role of nasal allergy in otitis media with effusion. Acta Otolaryngol (Stockh) 1988; Suppl. 458: 4147. In order to clarify the role of Type I immunologic reactions in the etiology of otitis media with effusion (OME), kindergarten and elementary school children were given routine nasal allergy (NA) tests and otologic tests. Several children among them were evaluated for eustachian tube (ET) function before and after the intranasal histamine challenge, using the inflationdeflation test, and the nine-step inflation and deflation tympanometric test. The results clarified that NA-patients showed a high ratio (21%) of complication with OME, and that OME-patients showed a high ratio (50%) of complication with NA. It was also found that the incidence of tubal dysfunction was higher in OME-patients with NA than in OMEpatients without NA. The man period of time between the removal and replacement of a tympanostomy tube was 11 months in OME-patients with NA who underwent hyposensitization; whereas the mean period of time was 2 months in OME-patients with NA who underwent no treatment for NA. The findings of the present study suggest that NA affects tubal function (even if the effect is temporary), and that NA may be a risk factor in OME-prone children. Key words: otitis media with effusion, nasal allergy, eustachian tube function. Acta Otolaryngol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Queensland on 02/03/15 For personal use only. b>a, a>c @<0.01); e>d, d>f(pg, g>i (pj, j>l (pm, m>o @<0.01). Acta Otolaryngol Downloaded from informahealthcare.com by University of Queensland on 02/03/15 For personal use only.